Neurotransmission And Neurotransmitters

Front 1

Name 14 neurotransmitters

Back 1

-Glutamate -GABA -Glycine
-5-HT -Asparate -Acetylcholine
-Dopamine -Adrenaline -Noradrenaline
-Histamine -ATP -Adenosine -Endorphins
-Nitrogen oxide

Front 2

Name 6 classes for neurotransmitters

Back 2

-Mono-amines (MAO)
-Amino acids
-Catecholamines
-Purine derivatives
-Neuroactive peptides
-Gaseous NTs

Front 3

Name three ionotrophic glutamate receptors

Back 3

-NMDA
-AMPA
-Kainate

Front 4

How many metabotrophic receptors are there?

Back 4

-There are three
-Group 1 ->PLC and Ca2+ signalling
-Group II and III are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase

Front 5

List three classes of GABA receptor

Back 5

-Inhibitory ionotrophic GABA-A
-GABA-B metabotrophic
-GABA-C are a subclass of GABA-A that are not fully researched or characterised

Front 6

What is the name of the ionotrophic acetylcholine receptor? how many receptors are there adn how do they normally act?

Back 6

-Nicotinic receptors
-16 different members
-Mainly pre-synaptic and promote NT release
-Nediate fast excitatory NTmission when post synaptic

Front 7

What is the name of the metabotrophic acetylcholine receptors ?

Back 7

-The muscarinic receptors

Front 8

Name four Noradrenaline receptors

Back 8

-all metabotrophic
-Alpha-1 Post-S activates PLC to relax smooth muscle
-Alpha-2 is Pre-S and inhibits adenylate cyclase to relax smooth muscle
-Beta 1 stimulates adenylate cyclase to increase HR
-B2 is Pre-s to stimulate Adenylate cyclase to relax smooth muscle

Front 9

How many serotonin receptors are there?

Back 9

-There are 7 broad classes in total
-5-HT1 is mainly CNS to neural inhibit and vasoconstrict
-5-HT2 found in CNS and PNS and excitatory
-5-HT4
-5HT7/7 are not very well researched
-5-HT3 only ionotrophic serotonin

Front 10

How many dopamine receptors are there?

Back 10

-5 in total
-2 i(1,5) n D1-type in PNS that activate adenylate cyclase
-3 (2,3,4) that inihibit adenylate cyclase

Front 11

Name some peptide neurotransmitters

Back 11

-Opioids
-Substance P
-Met-enkephalin

Front 12

Name four opiod receptor classes

Back 12

-G-protein coupled
-Omega-receptors
-Gamma-receptors
-K-receptors
-OLR-receptors

Front 13

Name three Purine receptors

Back 13

-A1 - Presynaptic to reduce neuronal activity
-A2 are mainly PNS such as cardiac conduction
A3 - Not well researched

Front 14

Name nine sensory modalities

Back 14

-Vision
-Sound
-tactile
-Olfaction (smell)
-Gustation (taste)
-Pain
-Blaance
-Body posistion
-Movement

Front 15

What is Univariance?

Back 15

-Sensory receptors will produce response know matter how stimulated (pressure from fingers on eyes - see colours )

Front 16

Name two chemorecpor senses and their functions in maintaing life

Back 16

-Olfaction and gustation
-Find nutrients
-Avoid toxins and harm
-Attract a mate
-Navigate/hunt
-Regulate physiological processes

Front 17

Which cells are involved in Gustation transduction ?

Back 17

-Papillae are modified epithelial cells with ~50/150 taste receptor cells
-Microvilli are the chemically senstive part of the taste receptor cells and form synapses with primary sensory neurons near bottom

Front 18

Which cells are involved in producing olfactory signals?

Back 18

-Neurons in the olfactory receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium .

Front 19

What is the function of muscous in olfaction?

Back 19

-Contains salts and proteins
-Odorant-binding proteins
-Enzymes and antibodies to protect cells

Front 20

How do process the flavour of a food?

Back 20

-Through its taste from gustfaction, Smell from olfaction , Temperature, texture and pain.

Front 21

Name five primary taste qualities

Back 21

-Bitter
-Sweet
-Salt
-Sour
-Umami (meaty)

Front 22

How is the taste of salt detected?

Back 22

-Through ENaC channels (epitheleal sodium channels)
-Influx of sodium causes a depolarisation which causes calcium to be influxxed which releases neutransmitters from vesicles

Front 23

What drug can block the taste of salt?

Back 23

Amiloride

Front 24

How is the taste of sour foods detected?

Back 24

-H+ ions permemeate the ENac causing depolarisation.
-H+ ions also bind and block selective potassium channels which causes depolarisation

Front 25

-How are sweet tastes detected?

Back 25

-Sugar binds to a specific GPCR which increases cAMP production , activating PKA which phosphorylates and deactivates the selective potassium channel causing depolarisation
-Evidence IP3 is involved in sweet stimuli

Front 26

How is the taste of bitterness detected?

Back 26

Through directly inhibiting K+ channel
-Binds to GPCR-gustductin which decreases cAMP causing depolarisation
-Or can bind to PLC linked GPCR which increase IP3 production, causing calcium to be effluxed from intracellular stores to activate neurotransmitters

Front 27

How is the taste of umami detected ?

Back 27

-amino acids bind to ionotrophic channels causing an influx of calcium and sodium

Front 28

LEARN OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION PICTURE

Back 28

LEARN OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION PICTURE

Front 29

LEARN HAIR CELL MECHANORECEPTORS PICTURE

Back 29

LEARN IT

Front 30

What is the function of tears in the ye?

Back 30

-Is a plasma ultra filtrate
-Keeps cornea moist
-Supply oxygen to corneal cells
-Contains antibodies and lysozymes
-Oily to slow evaporation
-Removes foreign substances

Front 31

What is the function of the Cornea?

Back 31

-It is the thin epithelium of the eye with a transparent structure
-No blood cupply so relies on tears for oxygen and nutrients

Front 32

What is the aqueous Humour?

Back 32

-Sac of fluid behind cornea
-It flows from the anterior to posterior chamber and it protein free ultra filtrated plasma
-Maintains eye shape
-Excess pressure causes glaucoma

Front 33

What is the function of the lens in the eye?

Back 33

Contains a high level of alpha crystallin proteins which increase the light density and give the eye focusing power

Front 34

What features of the eye give a clear sharp image to the light receptors?

Back 34

-The variation in refraction rates means the image becomes focused clearly.
-The mixture of concurve and concave structures in the eye converges and diverges light rays

Front 35

How is the focus of our eyesight changed?

Back 35

-The shape of our lens must changed in order to correctly refract and focus the light
-This is done by the contraction of cillary muscles, which relieves tension in elastic fibres that normally stretch the lens.
_This causes the lens to relax and become rounder

Front 36

What is an astigmatism?

Back 36

-An uneven curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye, effecting focusing

Front 37

What is the function of the IRIS?

Back 37

-It is the coloured part of the eye and its contraction and dilation allow how much light enters the pupil. Is also used in social interactions

Front 38

What do the Miosis and mydriasis do?

Back 38

--The miosis is a sphincter muscle which constricts iris
-Mydriasis is radially oriented adn causes vasodilation

Front 39

LEARN IMAGE FLIPPING DIAGRAMS + primary visual pathway

Back 39

LEARN IMAGE FLIPPING DIAGRAMS + primary visual pathway