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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
neuron
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~nerve cell
~basic functional unit ~receives/transmits electrochemical nerve impulses |
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axons
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~carry impulses away from the cell body
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dendrites
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~receives impulses
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myelin sheath
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~cover that protects the entire neuron
~lubricates, insulator |
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neurotransmitters
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~help conduct impulses across a synapse and into the next neuron
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central nervous system
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~brain/spinal cord
~protected by the skull, vertebrae, cerebrospinal fluid, dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane |
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cerebrum
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~largest part of the brain
~houses the nerve center that controls motor and sensory functions |
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frontal lobe
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~site of personality, memory, reasoning, concentration, motor control of speech
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parietal lobe
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~site of sensation, integration of sensory information, and spatial relationships
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temporal lobe
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~site of hearing, speech, memory, emotion
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occipital lobe
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~site of vision and involuntary eye movements
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thalamus
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~receives input 4m all of the sense except olfaction (smell), analyzes that input, and transmits that info 2 other parts of the brain
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hypothalamus
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~beneath thalamus
~controls sleep and wakefulness, temperature, respiration, blood pressure, sexual arousal, fluid balance, and emotional response |
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cerebellum
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~base of the brain
~coordinates muscle movements, maintains balance and controls posture |
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brain stem
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~provides connection btwn spinal cord & brain
~midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
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midbrain
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~mediates pupillary reflexes and eye movements
~reflex center for III/IV cranial nerves |
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pons
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~helps regulate respiration
~reflex for V-VIII cranial nerves ~mediates chewing, tasting, saliva secretion, equilibrium |
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medulla oblongata
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~contains the vomiting, vasomotor, respiratory, cardiac centers
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spinal cord
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~functions as a two-way conductor pathway btwn brain stem and peripheral nervous system
~consists of gray and white matter |
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gray matter
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~made up of cell bodies, dendrites, and axons
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white matter
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~contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
~send signals up to the brain and motor signals out to the muscles |
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peripheral nervous system
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~delivers messages 4m spinal cord to outlying areas of the body
~31 pairs of spinal nerves ~12 pairs of cranial nerves |
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spinal nerves
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~carry mixed (motor and sensory) impulses to and 4m the spinal cord
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cranial nerves
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~olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accensory, hypoglossal
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autonomic nervous system
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~subdivision of PNS
~controls involuntary body functions (digestion, resp, cardio) ~sympathetic nervous system ~parasympathetic nervous system |
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sympathetic nervous system
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~coordinates activities that handle stress (fight-or-flight response)
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parasympathetic nervous system
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~conserves and restores energy
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conjunctivae
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~thin, transparent mucous membranes that line the lids
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external eye structures
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~eyelids, conjunctivae, lacrimal apparatuses, extraocular muscles, eyeball
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lacrimal apparatuses
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~lubricate and protect the cornea and conjunctivae by producing and absorbing tears
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extraocular muscles
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~hold the eyes parallel to create binocular vision
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internal eye structures
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~iris, cornea, pupil, lens, anterior chamber, posterior chamber, retina, retinal cones, retinal rods, optic nerve
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iris
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~thin, circular, pigmented muscular structure that gives color to the eye
~provides space btwn the cornea and lens in2 anterior and posterior chambers |
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cornea
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~a smooth, transparent tissue that works w/sclera to give the eye its shape
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pupil
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~the circular aperature in the iris that changes size as the iris adapts to the amt of light entering the eye
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lens
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~biconvex, avascular, colorless, and transparent structure suspended behind the iris by the ciliary zonulae
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anterior chamber
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~the space btwn the iris and cornea that's filled w/aqueous humor
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aqueous humor
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~watery, clear fluid that moistens and nourishes the lens and cornea
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posterior chamber
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~space behind the lens contain vitreous humor
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vitreous humor
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~clear, gelatinous fluid
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retina
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a thin, semitransparent layer of nerve tissue that lines the eye wall
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retinal cones
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~visual cell segments responsible for visual activity and color discrimination
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retinal rods
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~visual cell segments responsible for peripheral vision under decreased light conditions
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optic nerve
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~a nerve located at the posterior portion of the eye that transmits visual impulses 4m the retina to the brain
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ears
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~three sections: external, middle, inner
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external ear
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~pinna (auricle) and external auditory canal
~separated 4m middle ear by tympanic membrane |
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middle ear
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~tympanum
~air-filled cavity in the temporal bone ~contains 3 small bones (malleus, incus, stapes) |
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inner ear
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~labyrinth
~cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals |
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electroencephalogram
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~records elec activity of the brain 4 seizures
~PRE:no anticonvulsants, antianxiety, sedatives, antidepressants ~no caffeine 2days b4 ~no hair spray ~POST:cleanse hair w/acetone |
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computed tomography scan (CT)
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~cross-sectional images of layers of the brain
~detect neoplasm, brain abcess, subdural hematoma ~w/or w/out contrast dye ~sedation ~allergies 2 iodine ~informed consent ~check 4 stiff neck & back pain |
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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~magnetic/radio waves to create image
~no pacemakers, surg/otho hardware, shrapnel ~remove jewelry/metal objects ~sedatives |
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cerebral angiogram/arteriogram
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~radiopaque dye w/xrays to exam cerebral arteries
~PRE:allergies to iodine ~informed consent ~POST:V/S ~check 4 bleeding ~assess distal pulses (fem art) ~assess neuro status ~check color/temp of limbs ~maintain extended pos ~fluids |
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lumbar punctures (LP)
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~MD uses needle to collect CSF from (L2-S1) subarachnoid space
~allows measurement of CSF pressure & injec of radiopaque dye ~PRE:allergies to iodine ~informed consent ~empty bowel/bladder ~knee-chest/fetal pos ~C/I IICP ~POST:neuro status ~supine 6-12hrs ~analgesics ~check 4 bleeding/CSF ~fluids ~assess movement of extremities/pulse |
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cerebrospinal fluid analysis
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~lab test of CSF
~exam for blood, WBCs, immunoglobulins, bacteria, protein, glucose, electrolytes ~send to lab immed |
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electromyography (EMG)
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~measures elec activity of muscle @ rest & during contraction
~pt must flex/relax muscles ~analgesics |
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myelography
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~inject of radiopaque dye by LP, fluoroscopy, allows visualization of subarachnoid space, spinal cord, vertebrae
~PRE:allergies to iodine ~informed consent ~POST:neuro status ~flat in bed ~check 4 bleeding ~fluids |
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skull xrays
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~radiographic pic of head/neck bones
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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~injection of radioisotope
~visualization of brain's O2 uptake, blood flow, glucose metab ~informed consent ~no alcohol, tobacco, caffeine ~no meds ~check 4 bleeding |
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blood chemistry test
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~analyze pt's blood
~doc meds ~check 4 bleeding |
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hematologic study
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~analyze a blood sample for WBC, RBC, ESR, HCT, HGB, platelets
~doc meds ~check 4 bleeding |
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coagulation study
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~lab test of blood sample that analyzes PT, INR, PTT
~doc med ~check 4 bleeding |
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visual acuity test
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~measures clarity of vision using a letter chart (Snellen's) 20' 4m pt
~bring eyeglass/contact lens |
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extraocular eye muscle testing
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~check 4 parallel alignment of eyes, muscle strength, cranial nerve function
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visual field examination
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~tests degree of peripheral vision of eyes
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tonometry test
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~measures intraocular fluid pressure using air-puff tonometer
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auditory acuity test
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~general exam of pt's hearing
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otoscopic examination
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~otoscope to visualize tympanic membrane
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audiometry
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~measures pt's degree of deafness using pure-tone or speech methods
~need to ear earphones ~asked to signal when tone is heard in soundproof rm |
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myelogram
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~contrast medium/air injected in2 spinal subarachnoid space by spinal inject
~PRE:NPO 4hrs ~POST:12-24hrs supine 4 oil based dye ~HOB 15-30deg 4 water based dye ~V/S ~fluids ~mon 4 stiff neck/back pain |
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brain scan
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~detect neoplasm, brain abcess, subdural hematoma
~uses IV radioisotopes ~check 4 allergies |
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glasgow coma scale
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~normal 8-15
~eye opens when name called ~touch & eye opens ~best motor response |
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acetycholine
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~neurotransmitter
~released @ ends of nerve fibers |
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tensilon test
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~done by MD
~injection of edrophonium chloride used to diagnosis myasthenia gravis (MG) ~pos: if weak pt suddenly has incr strength |