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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What determines the Effect of an NT?
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The Receptor, not the NT!!!!
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WTF are Ionotropic Receptors? How do they work? What types of Effects result?
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-Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
-NT binds to the receptor, causes a conformational change, and the Ion Channel opens -Fast, brief effects |
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WTF are Metabotropic Receptors? How do they work? What types of Effects result?
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-Indirect action on Ion Channels usually via a Second Messenger System (Often G-Proteins)
-Can have multiple effects -Slow, Long Lasting Effects |
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What type of Receptors are though to be a means for Sensitization?
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Metabotropic Receptors
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What type of Receptors are though to be a means for Habituation?
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Metabotropic Receptors
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Which NTs are Small Molecule NTs?
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-ACh
-Cetecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine -Indolamines: Serotonin, Histamine -AAs: Glutamate, Aspartate, GABA, Glycine |
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Which NTs are Catecholamines?
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-Dopamine
-Norepinephrine -Epinephrine |
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Which NTs are Indoleamines?
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-Serotonin
-Histamine |
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Which NTs are AA Transmitters?
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-GABA
-Glutamate -Aspartate -Glycine |
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What are some Common Attributes of Small Molecule NTs?
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-Synthesized in the Presynaptic Cystoplasm
-Packaged into Vesicles -Taken back into Nerve Terminal or Local Glia -Repackaged |
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What is ACh synthesized from? Where are each of the components from?
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-Acetyl CoA - From Glucose Breakdown
-Choline - From the Blood, from recycled ACh |
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What is the Major Source of Dopamine?
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Substantia Nigra VTA
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What is the Major Source of Noepinephrine?
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Locus Coerculeus of the Pons
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What is the Major Source of Epinephrine?
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Adrenal Medulla
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What are the Catecholamines Synthesized from?
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Tyrosine, which is derived from Phenylalanine
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List the pathway of Catecholamine Synthesis.
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-Phenylalanine
-Tyrosine -DOPA -Dopamine -NE -EPI |
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How are Catecholamines Inactivated?
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Reuptake into Terminals
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How does Cocaine act in the Nervous System?
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-Cocaine blocks Inactivation of Catecholamines
-It prevents the Reuptake of Catecholamines so they continue having their effects |
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Which enzymes are responsible for Degradation of Catecholamines? Where in the Neuron do they act?
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-MAO (Monamine Oxidase) - Intraneuronal
-COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) - Extraneuronal |
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Where is Dopamine Synthesized?
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In the Midbrain:
-Susbstantia Nigra -VTA |
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Which NT is involved in Parkinsons and Schizophrenia?
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Dopamine
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What type of Functions is Norepinephrine involved with?
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-Sleep
-Arousal |
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Which NT is involved with Sleep and Arousal?
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Norepinephrine
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What is the major site of Serotonin Synthesis?
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Raphe Nuclei of the Brain Stem
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What is another name for Serotonin?
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5HT - 5-hydroxytrptamine
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Which NT has effects in the very Rostral and very Caudal regions of the Brain?
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Serotonin
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Which NTs are Amino Acid Transmitters?
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-Glutamate
-Aspartate -GABA -Glycine |
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Who is Kassage and how can he help?
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The Kassage. He can't help you. Unless he wants to.
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What type of Transmission is Glutamate involved in?
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Fast, Excitatory
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What happens if the brain gets Excessive Glutamate?
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-Excessive Glutamate is Excitotoxic
-Triggers Apoptosis |
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Which NT acts through AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA Receptors?
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Glutamate
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Which 2 NTs are considered to be Inhibitory NTs?
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GABA and Glycine
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What is considered to be the Major Inhibitory NT of the CNS?
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GABA
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What type of Receptor does GABA act through? Be specific.
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-Ionotropic
-Direct ligand gated Cl- Channel |
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What is GABA synthesized from?
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Glutamic Acid
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What is Valproate? How does it act?
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-Anticonvulsant used for seizures
-Increases GABA Concentration -Stimulates Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase -Inhibits Degradative Enzymes |
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What type of Receptor does GABA act through? Be specific.
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-Ionotropic
-Direct Ligand-Gated Cl- Channel |
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Where are Peptide Transmitters Synthesized? What causes release of them? What kinds of effects do they have?
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-Synthesized in the Cell Body and Transported to the Terminal
-High Frequency Stimulation causes release -Slower, Longer Lasting, Modulatory Effects |
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What are some examples of Peptide transmitters?
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-SP - Substance P
-VIP - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide -Enkephalin |
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Where are Small Molecule NTs Synthesized in the Neuron?
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Presynaptic Terminals
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Where are Neuropeptides Synthesized in the Neuron?
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Cell Body
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What is unique about Nitric Oxide?
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-It is a gas that acts as an NT
-Can act as a Retrograde NT |
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What types of actions (general and specific) does NO have?
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-Short Duration
-Relaxation of Blood Vessels -Synaptic Plasticity -Excitotoxicity |
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What is Anandamide?
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A Cannabinoid
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What types of Effects do Cannabinoids have?
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-Decrease NT release - Retrograde Activity
-Pain Processing -Memory |
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Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ACh?
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CAT - Choline Acetyl Transferase
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Which enzyme catalyzes the degradation of ACh? What does it break ACh down into?
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-AChesterase
-Acetate and Choline |
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Where is ACh used?
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-Everywhere in the Parasympathetic Nervous System
-Presympathetics in the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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What type of Receptors does Glutamate act through?
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Metabotropic, G-Protein Receptors
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How is Glutamate Inactivated?
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-Reuptake by Glia
-Conversion to Glutamine -Return to Neuron Terminal |
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What effects might Alcohol Abuse have on the NS?
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-May Potentiate BAGA Activity
-May cause Down-Regulation - Decreased # of Receptors -Decreases GABA Release -Leads to tons of problems |
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What are the different types of GABA Receptors? How do they work?
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-GABAa - Cl- Channels
-GABAb - G-Protein Channels -GABAc - Cl- Channels |
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Which enzyme catalyzes the the rate limiting step in Dopamine Synthesis? What is the Step?
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-Tyrosine Hydroxylase
-Tyrosine --> DOPA |
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What functions is Dopamine Important for?
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-Mood
-Schizophrenia -Basal Ganglia |
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What types of NTs do MAO and COMT degrade?
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-Catecholamines
-MAO also degrades Serotonin (Indolamine) |
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Where is Norepinephrine used?
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-In the PNS
-Used by Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons at most Targets |
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What is Serotonin synthesized from?
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Tryptophan
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Which enzyme is the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in the Synthesis of Serotonin?
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Tryptophan Hydroxylase
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What do most Anti-Depressants Target?
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Serotonin Neurons
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Which enzymes degrades Serotonin?
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MAO
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Where in the Brain is Histamine active?
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Hypothalamus
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What are the 2 types of Cholinergic Receptors?
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-Nicotinic
-Muscarinic |
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Which types of ACh Receptors are Directly Gated Ion Channels? Which are Linked to 2nd Messengers?
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-Nicotonic
-Muscuranic |
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How does the Drug Scopolamine act?
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-Anticholinergic
-Blocks Muscarinic ACh Receptors -Prevents Motion Sickness |
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How does the Drug Atropine act?
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-Blocks Muscarinic ACh Receptors in the Periphery
-Couteracts Organophosphate Poisoning |
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What does Tetrodotoxin do? Where is from?
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-From Puffer-Fish
-Blocks Voltage-Gated, Na+ Channels -Numbness, Paralysis, and possible Death |
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How does Tetanus work?
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-Taken up at PNS endings
-Transported in a retrograde manner to CNS when it is released -Prevents GABA Release -Results in Stiff Paralysis |
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What do Alpha-Toxins do?
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Block ACh Receptor at the NMJ
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What do Beta-Toxins do?
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Blocks Transmitter Release at Cholinergic Terminals
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What is the Toxin released by Black Widows? What does is cause and how?
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-Alpha-Latrotoxin
-Uncontrolled released of Presynaptic NT Stores at NMJ -Calcium Influx -Hyperexcitability, Spasms, Paralysis |