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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What determines the Effect of an NT?
The Receptor, not the NT!!!!
WTF are Ionotropic Receptors? How do they work? What types of Effects result?
-Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
-NT binds to the receptor, causes a conformational change, and the Ion Channel opens
-Fast, brief effects
WTF are Metabotropic Receptors? How do they work? What types of Effects result?
-Indirect action on Ion Channels usually via a Second Messenger System (Often G-Proteins)
-Can have multiple effects
-Slow, Long Lasting Effects
What type of Receptors are though to be a means for Sensitization?
Metabotropic Receptors
What type of Receptors are though to be a means for Habituation?
Metabotropic Receptors
Which NTs are Small Molecule NTs?
-ACh
-Cetecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
-Indolamines: Serotonin, Histamine
-AAs: Glutamate, Aspartate, GABA, Glycine
Which NTs are Catecholamines?
-Dopamine
-Norepinephrine
-Epinephrine
Which NTs are Indoleamines?
-Serotonin
-Histamine
Which NTs are AA Transmitters?
-GABA
-Glutamate
-Aspartate
-Glycine
What are some Common Attributes of Small Molecule NTs?
-Synthesized in the Presynaptic Cystoplasm
-Packaged into Vesicles
-Taken back into Nerve Terminal or Local Glia
-Repackaged
What is ACh synthesized from? Where are each of the components from?
-Acetyl CoA - From Glucose Breakdown
-Choline - From the Blood, from recycled ACh
What is the Major Source of Dopamine?
Substantia Nigra VTA
What is the Major Source of Noepinephrine?
Locus Coerculeus of the Pons
What is the Major Source of Epinephrine?
Adrenal Medulla
What are the Catecholamines Synthesized from?
Tyrosine, which is derived from Phenylalanine
List the pathway of Catecholamine Synthesis.
-Phenylalanine
-Tyrosine
-DOPA
-Dopamine
-NE
-EPI
How are Catecholamines Inactivated?
Reuptake into Terminals
How does Cocaine act in the Nervous System?
-Cocaine blocks Inactivation of Catecholamines
-It prevents the Reuptake of Catecholamines so they continue having their effects
Which enzymes are responsible for Degradation of Catecholamines? Where in the Neuron do they act?
-MAO (Monamine Oxidase) - Intraneuronal
-COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) - Extraneuronal
Where is Dopamine Synthesized?
In the Midbrain:
-Susbstantia Nigra
-VTA
Which NT is involved in Parkinsons and Schizophrenia?
Dopamine
What type of Functions is Norepinephrine involved with?
-Sleep
-Arousal
Which NT is involved with Sleep and Arousal?
Norepinephrine
What is the major site of Serotonin Synthesis?
Raphe Nuclei of the Brain Stem
What is another name for Serotonin?
5HT - 5-hydroxytrptamine
Which NT has effects in the very Rostral and very Caudal regions of the Brain?
Serotonin
Which NTs are Amino Acid Transmitters?
-Glutamate
-Aspartate
-GABA
-Glycine
Who is Kassage and how can he help?
The Kassage. He can't help you. Unless he wants to.
What type of Transmission is Glutamate involved in?
Fast, Excitatory
What happens if the brain gets Excessive Glutamate?
-Excessive Glutamate is Excitotoxic
-Triggers Apoptosis
Which NT acts through AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA Receptors?
Glutamate
Which 2 NTs are considered to be Inhibitory NTs?
GABA and Glycine
What is considered to be the Major Inhibitory NT of the CNS?
GABA
What type of Receptor does GABA act through? Be specific.
-Ionotropic
-Direct ligand gated Cl- Channel
What is GABA synthesized from?
Glutamic Acid
What is Valproate? How does it act?
-Anticonvulsant used for seizures
-Increases GABA Concentration
-Stimulates Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase
-Inhibits Degradative Enzymes
What type of Receptor does GABA act through? Be specific.
-Ionotropic
-Direct Ligand-Gated Cl- Channel
Where are Peptide Transmitters Synthesized? What causes release of them? What kinds of effects do they have?
-Synthesized in the Cell Body and Transported to the Terminal
-High Frequency Stimulation causes release
-Slower, Longer Lasting, Modulatory Effects
What are some examples of Peptide transmitters?
-SP - Substance P
-VIP - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
-Enkephalin
Where are Small Molecule NTs Synthesized in the Neuron?
Presynaptic Terminals
Where are Neuropeptides Synthesized in the Neuron?
Cell Body
What is unique about Nitric Oxide?
-It is a gas that acts as an NT
-Can act as a Retrograde NT
What types of actions (general and specific) does NO have?
-Short Duration
-Relaxation of Blood Vessels
-Synaptic Plasticity
-Excitotoxicity
What is Anandamide?
A Cannabinoid
What types of Effects do Cannabinoids have?
-Decrease NT release - Retrograde Activity
-Pain Processing
-Memory
Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ACh?
CAT - Choline Acetyl Transferase
Which enzyme catalyzes the degradation of ACh? What does it break ACh down into?
-AChesterase
-Acetate and Choline
Where is ACh used?
-Everywhere in the Parasympathetic Nervous System
-Presympathetics in the Sympathetic Nervous System
What type of Receptors does Glutamate act through?
Metabotropic, G-Protein Receptors
How is Glutamate Inactivated?
-Reuptake by Glia
-Conversion to Glutamine
-Return to Neuron Terminal
What effects might Alcohol Abuse have on the NS?
-May Potentiate BAGA Activity
-May cause Down-Regulation - Decreased # of Receptors
-Decreases GABA Release
-Leads to tons of problems
What are the different types of GABA Receptors? How do they work?
-GABAa - Cl- Channels
-GABAb - G-Protein Channels
-GABAc - Cl- Channels
Which enzyme catalyzes the the rate limiting step in Dopamine Synthesis? What is the Step?
-Tyrosine Hydroxylase
-Tyrosine --> DOPA
What functions is Dopamine Important for?
-Mood
-Schizophrenia
-Basal Ganglia
What types of NTs do MAO and COMT degrade?
-Catecholamines
-MAO also degrades Serotonin (Indolamine)
Where is Norepinephrine used?
-In the PNS
-Used by Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons at most Targets
What is Serotonin synthesized from?
Tryptophan
Which enzyme is the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in the Synthesis of Serotonin?
Tryptophan Hydroxylase
What do most Anti-Depressants Target?
Serotonin Neurons
Which enzymes degrades Serotonin?
MAO
Where in the Brain is Histamine active?
Hypothalamus
What are the 2 types of Cholinergic Receptors?
-Nicotinic
-Muscarinic
Which types of ACh Receptors are Directly Gated Ion Channels? Which are Linked to 2nd Messengers?
-Nicotonic
-Muscuranic
How does the Drug Scopolamine act?
-Anticholinergic
-Blocks Muscarinic ACh Receptors
-Prevents Motion Sickness
How does the Drug Atropine act?
-Blocks Muscarinic ACh Receptors in the Periphery
-Couteracts Organophosphate Poisoning
What does Tetrodotoxin do? Where is from?
-From Puffer-Fish
-Blocks Voltage-Gated, Na+ Channels
-Numbness, Paralysis, and possible Death
How does Tetanus work?
-Taken up at PNS endings
-Transported in a retrograde manner to CNS when it is released
-Prevents GABA Release
-Results in Stiff Paralysis
What do Alpha-Toxins do?
Block ACh Receptor at the NMJ
What do Beta-Toxins do?
Blocks Transmitter Release at Cholinergic Terminals
What is the Toxin released by Black Widows? What does is cause and how?
-Alpha-Latrotoxin
-Uncontrolled released of Presynaptic NT Stores at NMJ
-Calcium Influx
-Hyperexcitability, Spasms, Paralysis