Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What type of Information flow is seen within one Neuron (Intraneuronal)?
|
Primarily Electrical
|
|
|
What type of Information flow is seen between Neurons (Interneuronal)?
|
Primarily Chemical
|
|
|
What does Axo-somatic mean?
|
Synapse between an axon of 1 neuron and the cell body of another.
|
|
|
What are the main components of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton?
|
-Actin
-Neurofilaments -Microtubules |
|
|
Which components of a Neuron:
-Help Neurons Interact with ECM -Are Associated with: Presynaptic Ganglia, Dendritic Spines, and Growth Cones |
Actin Microfilaments
|
|
|
Which elements of a Neuron have sidearms that prevent neurons from packing too tightly? How do they do this?
|
-Neurofilaments
-Sidearm Phosphorylation Increases Negative Charge and Increases Spacing |
|
|
Which Neuronal Cytoskeleton components serve as the "railway system" for the neuron?
|
Microtubules
|
|
|
In which direction does Kinesin move shit?
|
+ direction
Anterograde Transport |
|
|
Which motor protein is responsible for Retrograde Transport?
|
Dynein
|
|
|
What is Tau? How does Tau interact with Microtubules? How can this interaction be reversed?
|
-Tau is a MT-associated Protein
-It stabilizes MTs -Phosphorylated Tau leads to less stable MTs |
|
|
What role does Tau play in Alzheimer's Disease?
|
-Tau stabilizes MTs
-Hyperphosphorylated Tau de-stabilizes MTs -This causes them to clump together -Result in the Neurfibrillary tangles within the Neuron of a Patient with Alzheimer's |
|
|
What type of Transport is responsible for moving Synaptic and Secretory Vesicles?
|
Fast Anterograde Transport
|
|
|
What type of Transport is responsible for moving materials that are transported in membrane-bound organelles?
|
Fast Anterograde Transport.
|
|
|
What type of Transport is responsible for moving Unbound Materials like Mitochondria?
|
Fast Anterograde Transport
|
|
|
How fast does Fast Anterograde Transport move shit? What type of shit does it move?
|
-50-400 mm/day
-Organelles -Vesicles with: Membrane Proteins or NTs -Unbound Proteins |
|
|
What type of Transport is responsible for moving Actin, Tubulin, MTs, NFs, and MFs?
|
Slow Anterograde Transport
|
|
|
What type of Transport is the Primary Mediator of Axon Regrowth and Regeneration?
|
Slow Anterograde Transport
|
|
|
What type of Transport is the rate limiting factor in repair?
|
Slow Anterograde Transport
|
|
|
How fast does Slow Anterograde Transport move shit? What type of shit does it move?
|
-.2-10 mm/day
-Cytoskeletal Elements -Soluble Enzymes |
|
|
How fast does Fast Retrograde Transport move shit? What type of shit (specifically) does it move?
|
-200-300 mm/day
-Trophic and Growth Factor -Used Materials bound for Lysosomal Degradation -Viruses -Dyes |
|
|
What type of shit (generally) does Fast Retrograde Transport move?
|
Old membrane components from the Axon Terminal to the Cell Body for Recycling
|
|
|
What type of Neuronal Cells do we see in the PNS? What do they do?
|
-Satellite Cells - Support Cell Bodies
-Schwann Cells - Myelinated, and Secrete Neurotrophic FActors |
|
|
What type of Neuronal Cells do we see in the CNS? What do they do?
|
-Oligodendrocytes - Myelinated
-Astrocytes: Support for CNS, Help for BBB, Secrete Neurotrphic Factors, take up K+, NTs -Microglia - Scavengers -Ependymal Cells - Form Barriers between Compartments |
|
|
Which germ layer do Macroglia originate from? What about Microglia? What percentage of cells in the CNS does Glia make up total?
|
-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm -~90% |
|
|
What are some functions of Glial Cells?
|
-Physical and Biochemical Support
-Myelin Sheaths -Barrier between Compartments -Scavenger/Defense -Metabolic Assistance - Remove Potentially Dangerous K+ |
|
|
What type of Cells clear NTs from the Synaptic Cleft?
|
Glial Cells
|
|
|
Which portion of the Nervous System are Schwann Cells found in? Oligodendrocytes?
|
-PNS
-CNS |
|
|
What Neuronal Cell type is affected in Multiple Sclerosis?
|
Oligodendrocytes - CNS Myelin
|
|
|
What Neuronal Cell types are affected in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
|
Schwann Cells - PNS Myelin
|
|
|
What is the most abundant glial cell type?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
|
What type of cell clings to neurons and their synaptic endings and covers capillaries?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
|
What are some functions of Astrocytes?
|
-Support and Brace Neurons
-Anchor Neurons to their Nutrient Supplies -Guide Migration of Young Neurons -Control the Chemical Environment |
|
|
What types of cells are Phagocytic and Monitor the health of Neurons?
|
Microglia
|
|
|
Describe Axonal Repair in the CNS.
|
-It is Actively Inhibited
-Oligodendrocytes are responsible for this Inhibition -Fewer Chemotropic Factors are available in the CNS |
|
|
What type of Cells Actively Inhibit Axonal Regeneration in the CNS?
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
What type of Degeneration is Wallerian Degeneration?
|
Distal Degeneration
|
|
|
What happens in Wallerian Degeneration?
|
-Axonal Degeneration Distal to an Insult
-Myelin Sheaths are withdrawn and broken up -Terminal fills with clumps of NFs and Mitochondria -Contact with Post-Synaptic Membrane is Lost -Schwann Cells Invade and Phagocytose shit |
|
|
In which division of the Nervous System does Wallerian Degeneration occur?
|
PNS
|
|
|
What is the break up of Nissl Substances known as? When does this occur?
|
-Chromatolysis
-Following Axon Damage |
|
|
How does Axon Regeneration occur in the PNS? What limits this growth?
|
-Schwann Cells release Trophic Factors
-These TFs allow the Proximal Axon to sprout new growth -Slow Anterograde Transport |
|
|
What is Crocodile Tears Syndrome? How does it happen? Why?
|
-Tearing while Eating
-Occurs after Facial Nerve Injury -After Axon Regeneration, The Lacrimal Gland is Innervated by Fibers that should have Innervated Salivary Glands |
|
|
Which are thicker, Axons or Dendrites?
|
Dendrites
|
|
|
What type of Motor Proteins are associated with MTs?
|
Kinesin: +
Dynein: - |
|
|
What type of elements for Cilia?
|
MTs
|
|
|
What do Neurofilaments do?
|
-Stabilize shape of Neurons
-Repel other NFs: prevent tight packing via sidearms, may help determine diameter |
|
|
What type of Filaments are associated with Growth Cones?
|
-Yao Ming his Microfilaments
|
|
|
Which Motor Protein is associated with Slow Anterograde Transport?
|
The scientist fuckers aren't sure but they think its Myosin
|
|
|
Which Motor Protein is associated with Fast Anterograde Transport?
|
Kinesin
|
|
|
Which Motor Protein is associated with Retrograde Transport?
|
Dynein
|
|
|
What are the different types of Macroglia?
|
-Astrocytes
-Schwann Cells -Oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Which type of cells often have end-feet processes on Capillaries?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
|
What types of Cells help guide migration and development of Neurons?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
|
What are the APCs of the CNS?
|
Microglia
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of Ependymal Cells? What do each of them do?
|
-Choroid Epithelia Cells - Produce CSF
-Ependemocytes - Move CSF with Cilia and Flagella -Tanycytes - Assist movement between Blood and CSF |
|
|
Which Types of Deneration do we see in the PNS?
|
-Terminal Degeneration
-Wallerian Degeneration -Anterograde Transneuronal Degeneration -Neurogenic Atrophy Cell Body Degeneration -Retrograde Transneuronal Degeneration |
|
|
Describe Terminal Degeneration.
|
-Occurs within 1 day of Axotomy
-Axon Terminal and Mitochondria Swell -Terminal may fill with Degeneration Products -Phagocytosed |
|
|
Describe Wallerian Degeneration.
|
-1 Week after Axotomy
-Atrophy Downstream of Damage -Myelin is withdrawn and taken up -Axon fill with MTs and MFs -Schwann Cells Phagocytose Shit |
|
|
What is Neurogenic Atrophy? How does it result?
|
-Atrophy of Muscle due to permanent loss of Nerve Fibers that innervate it
|
|
|
What is Chromatolysis? Which type of Degeneration is it often involved with?
|
-Break-up of Nissl Bodies
-Cell Body Degeneration |
|
|
What do Microglia do during Degeneration in the CNS? What types of Cells help them do this?
|
-Multiply and Invade Degenerating Neurons
-Phagocytose Degenerating Axon and Terminal: Astrocytes also help |
|
|
What type of Environment would be needed to get a Central Axon to grow in the CNS?
|
-Schwann Cell-Dominated Environment
|
|
|
Why is it more difficult to get regeneration in the CNS than the PNS?
|
Actively Inhibited by Oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
What Process helps generate new Neurons in the PNS?
|
-We can't get new Neurons in the PNS you fucking idiot!
-Axons may regrow if the cell body survives |
|
|
Which factors help Axon Regeneration occur in the PNS?
|
-Growth Cones
-Schwann Cells |
