Neuroscience-Neuroembryology

Front 1

On what day does the embryonic ectoderm begine to thicken? What does this form?

Back 1

day 18
neural plate

Front 2

What is the location of the neural plate? What is the location of the notochord?

Back 2

plate-dorsal midline
chord-ventral to plate

Front 3

What is the origin of the neural plate? notochord?

Back 3

ectoderm

mesoderm

Front 4

What is induction?

Back 4

when mesodermal cells send a chemical signal to the overlying ectoderm cells to begin differentiation into the neural plate

Front 5

What causes development of the neural folds? Are the folds at the medial or lateral margin?

Back 5

epithelial cells in the neural plate proliferate and elongate
lateral

Front 6

Eventually the neural plate cells pinch off to form the _____.

Back 6

neural tube

Front 7

Where is the neural tube located?

Back 7

underneath the ectoderm of the embryo

Front 8

The apposition of th eneural folds to become the neural tube occurs first where?

Back 8

middle of embryo and then extends rostral and caudal

Front 9

What are the rostral and caudal openings at each end of the developing neural tube called?

Back 9

neuropores

Front 10

What occurs when the caudal neuropore fails to close but neural tissue continues to develop normally?

Back 10

spina bifida

Front 11

What is necessary to induce the formation of the vertebral arches from overlying meoderm?

Back 11

a closed neural tube

Front 12

What is meningoceles? meningomyloceles?

Back 12

protrusion of the meninges
protrusion of meninges and meningomyloceles

Front 13

What is anencephaly?

Back 13

failure of rostral neuropore closure and tissue differentiation

Front 14

What are the cells that originate lateral to the neural plate are pinched off and migrate between the ectoderm and the neural tube calles?

Back 14

neural crest cells

Front 15

The neural crest cells form all gleal cells within which sensory ganglia?

Back 15

V, VII, IX, X

Front 16

Where do epithelial cells proliferate?

Back 16

both in neural plate and after the neural plate cells have formed the neural tube

Front 17

What are most of the neuroepithelial cells connected to?

Back 17

both the external and internal limiting membrane

Front 18

What happens to the connections of the epithelial cell during the M phase?

Back 18

Thje nuclei of dividing cells move toward the internal limiting membrane and lose their connection to the external limiting membrane

Front 19

Name the ciliated cells that line the lumen of the neural tube.

Back 19

Ependymal cells

Front 20

What type of cell provides the framework for cells to migrate?

Back 20

radial cells

Front 21

Where does most division of cells occur?

Back 21

at ventricular surface

Front 22

The process of cell division along the internal limiting membrane and then daughter cells moving back toward the external limiting membrane is called what?

Back 22

interkinetic nuclear migration

Front 23

Describe a neurons 'birthday'.

Back 23

throughout dev groups of neuroepithelial cells that are destined to become neurons devide one last time and then leave mitotic cycle forever, this last division is the neuron's 'birthday'

Front 24

Neurons that have similar 'birthday's' have what else in common?

Back 24

they are part of the same structure

Front 25

Where do neuroepithelial cells go to once they stop dividing?

Back 25

proliferative zone

Front 26

Name the three distinct layers of the neural tube. (in to out) Which layer gets thicker as cells differentiate?

Back 26

inner-ventricular
mantle
outer-marginal

mantle thickens

Front 27

How many vesicles are present at 4 weeks? Name them.

Back 27

3
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

Front 28

How many compartments are present at 5-6 weeks?

Back 28

5
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

Front 29

What flexural changes occur at day 26? Is it on the ventral or dorsal surface?

Back 29

mesencephalic and cervical flexures
on the ventral surface

Front 30

What flexural changes occur between days 35-50? Is it on the ventral or dorsal surface?

Back 30

pontine
dorsal surface

Front 31

What does the telencephalon give rise to?

Back 31

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus

also lateral ventricle

Front 32

What does the diencephalon give rise to?

Back 32

epithalamus (pineal gland), thalmus, hypothalamus

third ventricle

Front 33

What does the mesencephalon form?

Back 33

midbrain

cerebral aqueduct

Front 34

What does the metencephalon form?

Back 34

cerebellum, pons

fourth ventricle

Front 35

What does the myelencephalon form?

Back 35

medulla

fourth ventricle

Front 36

What travels the length of the neural tube (developing spinal cord) and separates the dorsal and ventral regions?

Back 36

sulcus limitans

Front 37

The dorsal or ____ plate neurons become specialized to process _____ information.

Back 37

alar
afferent or incoming sensory

Front 38

The ventral or _____ plate neurons become specialized to process _____ information.

Back 38

basal
efferent or output

Front 39

What does the spinal cord develop from?

Back 39

neural tube

Front 40

Cranial nerve nuclei are prominent occupants of the brainstem, beginning in the ____.

Back 40

medulla

Front 41

Which neurons receive incoming information about touch, temperature of the head and neck?

Back 41

GSA-General Somatic Afferent

Front 42

Which neurons receive incoming information from the special senses: visceral? What are the visceral senses?

Back 42

SVA-Special Visceral Afferent
taste and olfaction

Front 43

What are the neurons that innervate the extraocular muscles and the muscles of the tongue?

Back 43

GSE-General Somatic Efferent

Front 44

What are the neurons the receive incoming information about visceral organs?

Back 44

GVA

Front 45

What are the neurons that innervate visceral smooth muscle and glands?

Back 45

GVE

Front 46

What are the neurons that innervate striated muscle derived from the branchial areches?

Back 46

SVE

Front 47

What are the neurons that receive incomin information from the special senses: somatic? What are the somatic sences?

Back 47

SSA
vision, hearing, balance

Front 48

What are the two distinct structural parts of the medulla? (referring to its relationship to th efourth ventricle)

Back 48

caudal closed, and rostral open

Front 49

What are the dorsal alar plate derivatives in the closed medulla?

Back 49

cuneate and gracile nuclei

Front 50

What are the cuneate and gracile nucli responsible for?

Back 50

receive afferent somatosensory input from the spinal nerve ganglia via the dorsal columns

Front 51

In the basal region of the medulla, what type of motor fibers are seen?

Back 51

corticospinal motor fibers (pyramids)

Front 52

In the open medulla what happens to the alar plates?

Back 52

They are displaced lateraly b/c of the enlargement of the neural canal to become the fourth ventricle

Front 53

In the medulla where are afferent (alar) derivatives located vs basal ones?

Back 53

afferent-lateral
basal-medial

Front 54

Name the prominent alar plate derivatives in the pons. (5)

Back 54

pontine nuclei, cochlear and vestibular nuclei, trigeminal sensory nucleus, and cerebellar relay nuclei

Front 55

Name the prominent basal plate derivatives in the pons. (4)

Back 55

superior salivatory nucleus, motor nucleus of the facial nerve, abducens nucleus, and neurons in the reticular formation

Front 56

What is the cerebellum formed from?

Back 56

lateral region of the alar plate called the rhombic lips

Front 57

Describe the folding of the rhombic lips when forming the cerebellum? What does the folding cover?

Back 57

enlarge and fold medially to cover the pons

Front 58

What is unique about the cerebellar cortex?

Back 58

it has two proliferative zones

Front 59

What does the internal germinal layer of the cerebellum produce?

Back 59

neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei, Purkinje cells and cells that form the molecular layer

Front 60

How is the second proliferative zone of the cerebellum formed? What is its name?

Back 60

established when neurons migrate out from the ventricular zone to form a new zone of the periphery of the cerebellum
-external germinal layer

Front 61

What does the external germinal layer give rise to?

Back 61

granule cell layer

Front 62

What is the name of the alar plate derivative in the midbrain?

Back 62

tectum

Front 63

What does the tectum include?

Back 63

superior and inferior colliculi

Front 64

What is the name of the basal plate derivatives of the midbrain?

Back 64

tegmentum

Front 65

What does the tegmentum include?

Back 65

trochlear and oculomotor cranial nerve nuclei, substantia nigra and the red nucleus

Front 66

The mesencephalon has a root, the _____, and a floor, the _____.

Back 66

tectum

tegmentum

Front 67

What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) house?

Back 67

many cranial nerve nuclei

Front 68

What do neurons use to guide their migration?

Back 68

chemical cues, contact with other neurons or gleal cells and other physical aspects

Front 69

What has been shown to be important in making correct connection, especially insensory systems?

Back 69

electrical activity in afferent fibers

Front 70

Describe the formation of the cortex.

Back 70

it is built from the inside out, the outermost layer is formed last

Front 71

Is apoptosis a passive process?

Back 71

no