Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
reflex responses
|
rapid, stereotyped, involuntary movements
|
|
|
rhythmic motor patterns
|
walking, running, chewing. typically initiation and termination of activity is voluntary
|
|
|
voluntary movements
|
goal directed and largely learned. improve with practice
|
|
|
lower motor system
|
grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem. the final common path of all motor output
|
|
|
upper motor system
|
send info to spinal cord, initiate voluntary movements
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
responsible for motor learning
|
|
|
basal ganglia
|
suppresses unwanted movements and primes neurons for the initiation of movements.
|
|
|
motor pools
|
all motor neurons innervating a single muscle
|
|
|
alpha motor neurons
|
innervate extrafusal muscle fibers, generate force
|
|
|
gamma motor neurons
|
innervate muscle spindles (intrafusal fibers)
|
|
|
slow (S) motor units
|
small motor units that innervate small "red" muscles that contract slowly but are resistant to fatigue
|
|
|
Fast Fatiguable (FF) motor units
|
innervate larger pale muscle fibers that generate a lot of force, but are easily fatigued
|
|
|
Fast Fatigue Resistant (FR) motor units
|
of intermediate size, generate intermediate force and don't fatigue as quickly as FF motor units.
|
|
|
Type I
|
type of muscle fiber innervated by S pools
|
|
|
Type IIa
|
type of muscle fiber innervated by FF pools
|
|
|
Type IIB
|
type of muscle fiber innervated by FR pools
|
|
|
size principle
|
more stimulation leads to more contraction by the muscle
|
|
|
order of recruitment
|
S, FR, FF
|
|
|
gain (gamma bias)
|
spindles can adjust how much output will happen when it is stretched
|
|
|
golgi tendon organ
|
encapsulated afferent nerve endings located at the junction of the muscle and the tendon. help prevent fatigue.
|
|
|
When do golgi tendon organs fire?
|
when the muscle contracts. negative feedback loop.
|
|
|
flexion reflex
|
compensates posture when you withdraw from pain. ipsilateral and contralateral responses.
|
|
|
What phase changes when speed of locomotion is increased?
|
stance phase gets quicker, swing phase remains the same
|
|
|
What regulates the cycle of locomotion in quadrapeds?
|
local circuitry neurons
|
|
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
|
disease of alpha motor neurons, caused by mutation in SOD1 gene.
|
