Neuroscience Final: Drugs

Front 1

Adenosine
Mechanism of action:

Back 1

Acts on presynaptic terminals to inhibit the release of catecholamines.
Caffeine blocks Adenosine, works as an Antagonist and a competitive inhibitor

Front 2

MDMA

Back 2

Binds to the serotonin re-uptake transporter
Also enters the serotonergic neuron via the serotonergic reuptake inhibitor, causing excessive release of serotonin. Also causes the relase of dopamine, to a lesser extent.

Front 3

Ketamine

Back 3

Dissociative Anesthetic; distorts perceptions of light and sound, affects the NMDA (glutumate receptor )

Front 4

Cocaine

Back 4

– Cocaine binds to dopamine re-uptake
transporters on the pre-synaptic membranes of
dopaminergic neurons. This inhibits the removal
of dopamine from the synaptic cleft and its
subsequent degradaton by monoamine oxidase in the nerve terminal
– Also blocks re-uptake transporters for serotonin
and norepinephrine

Front 5

Rohypnol

Back 5

Also known Benzodiazepine
It acts onat the GABAa Receptor

Front 6

GHB

Back 6

Acts as a CNS depressant and is used to treat narcolepsy, its a metabolite of GABA.
Exists naturally in the naturally in the brain, but at low levels.
Acts on GABAb receptor and specific GHB binding site.

Front 7

Alcohol

Back 7

Mechanism of action:
Blcocks Glutumate recepto.
Impairs memory
Acts on GABA receptors to make them more inhibitory.
Incresass the release of dopamine from the nuecleus accumbens.

Front 8

Tobacco

Back 8

Ncotine is the msajor ingredient.
Acts on cholingernic receptors in CNS.
Makes the receptors more senitive to nicotine and acetylcholine.
Stimulates the release of dopamine from the nucles accumbens.

Front 9

Factors that determine the effect of a drug on an individual

Back 9

Age
Weight
Setting in which the drug is used
Tolerance
Time of day that its consumed

Front 10

Seven steps in neurotransmitter action

Back 10

Neirotransmitter molecules are synthezied from precurosrs under the influence of enzymes
Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles.
Neurotransmitter molecules that leak from the vesicles are destroyed by enzymes.
Action portentials cause vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse
Released neortranmitter molcecules bind with autoreceptors and inhibit the subsequent neurotransmitter release.
Released neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic molecules
Released neurotransmitter molecules are deactivated by either uptale or enzymatic degradation..

Front 11

Opiates

Back 11

Heroin is converted to morphine once it crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Morphine is a powerful agonist at the mu opiod receptor.
Inhibits the release of GABA, inhibits its inhibitory and the increased activation of dopaminergic neurons

Front 12

Drug Tolerance

Back 12

Decreased Sensitivity to a drug, due to repeated exposure

Front 13

Cross-Tolerance

Back 13

Exposure to one drug can product tolerance to similar drugs (Alcohol and Benzodiazepines

Front 14

Sensitization

Back 14

Increased effect of a drug following repeated usuage

Front 15

Metabolic tolearnace

Back 15

Less of the drug is getting to the site of the action

Front 16

Functional tolerance

Back 16

Decreased responsiveness fewer receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors , receptors less resoinsive

Front 17

Drug withdrawal/Physical Dependence

Back 17

Seen when the drug has been terminated
Body has made changes to compensate for drug's presence
Severity varies with drug and pattern use

Front 18

Relpase

Back 18

Stress: You use alcohol and cigarettes to cope after a bad day.
Priming You've been sober for a while, so thinking that just one drink is okay
Environmental cue: You are around people and places associated with drug use.

Front 19

Incentive-sensitization thoery

Back 19

Positiveincentive value- the anticipated pleasure of the drug associated with the action
Hedonic value: Liking- actual pleasure experienced.
With drug use, the postive incentive value increases due to memory of pleasure early drug experience; the hedonic value decreases due to drug tolerance
Addicts crave drugs more and enjoy them less

Front 20

Addiction

Back 20

Continues to use drug despite adversive effects

Front 21

Conditioned drug tolerance

Back 21

Tolerance effects are maximized when the drug is taken in the same environment as previously taken.

Front 22

Physical-dependence theory

Back 22

Biopschological theory of addiction that doesnt explain why addists relapse after detoxification, indivudals begin using drugs, Addictions develop to drugs that do not produce severe withdrawal symptoms