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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuraxis
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Line from base of spinal cord to front of brain
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Anterior
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Located toward the head
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Posterior
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Located toward the tail
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Rostral
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Located in front
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Caudal
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Located behind
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Dorsal
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Back OR top of head
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Ventral
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Perpendicular to neuraxis underside of head
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Lateral
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Toward side of body, away from middle
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Medial
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Toward middle of body, away from side
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Ipsilateral
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Located on same side of body
ex: right arm and right leg are ipsilateral |
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Contralateral
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Located on opposite sides of body.
Ex: right arm and left leg |
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Cross Section
-of brain -of spinal cord |
of Brain = parallel to forehead
of Spinal Cord = parallel to ground |
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Horizontal Sections
-of brain |
parallel to ground
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Sagittal Sections
-midsagittal plane |
A cut from front to back of head, perpendicular to ground
-plane cutting brain in symmetrical halves front to back |
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Meninges
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Layers of tissue that enclose the CNS
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3 Layers of Meninges
-In order from outermost to innermost |
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Membrane Pia Mater |
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Subarachnoid Space
-what is it and where is it located? |
Fluid filled space cushioning brain
Located between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater |
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How many tissue layers cover the PNS and which ones are they?
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2
Dura Mater and Pia Mater |
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Choroid Plexus
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Vascular Tissue in ventricles that produces CSF
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Lateral Ventricles
-location within brain -defining feature |
Largest Ventricles
located in the Telencephalon |
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Third Ventricle
-location within brain -defining feature |
Divided brain into symmetrical halves
Located in Diencephalon |
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Fourth Ventricle
-location within brain -defining feature |
lowest ventricle, located right above brain stem, between cerebellum and pons, in metencephalon
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Cerebral Aqueduct
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long tube that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle, located in the mesencephalon
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What are brain ventricles?
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Hollow spaces filled with CSF
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Metencephalon
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Bottom/Back of Brain
-right above medulla oblangata |
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Mesencephalon
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Mid-Brain
-connects hindbrain and forebrain |
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Telencephalon
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Rostral (front) of brain
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Diencephalon
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Upper portion of brain, right above midbrain
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How much CSF is in the CNS at any given time?
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125mL
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What is the half life of CSF?
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3 Hours
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What is the flow direction of CSF through the CNS?
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Lateral Ventricles > 3rd Ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct > 4th Ventricle > Through small openings into subarachnoid space > around CNS
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Arachnoid Granulation
-what are they? -what do they do? |
Small projections of subarachnoid membrane through dura mater, into superior sagittal sinus
reabsorb CSF into the blood |
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Superior Sagittal Sinus
-where is it? -what happens there? |
cavity located just dorsal to the corpus callosum
where CSF is reabsorbed |
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Obstructive Hyrdocephalus
-what is it? -how can it be fixed? |
Enlargement of brain ventricles due to pent up CSF.
Fixed by drilling a hole into ventricles to relieve CSF pressure. |
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How many days after conception does nervous system start developing?
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18 Days
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Neural Tube
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Hollow Tube
Origin of CNS |
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What happens on 28th Day?
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Rostral End of Neural Tube develops 3 chambers (2 lateral ventricles and 3rd Ventricle)
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Telencephalon forms around the _____ ventricle(s)
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Lateral Ventricles
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Diencephalon forms around the _____ ventricle(s)
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Third Ventricle
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Chamber within midbrain forms the _____?
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Cerebral Aqueduct
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2 Structures that develop in the hind brain are the ?
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Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Cerebral Cortex
what is it and what is it important for? |
Outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres. Needed for cognition and movement.
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Ventricular Zone
where is it? what does it contain? |
layer of cells lining inside of neural tube.
contains progenitor cells that give rise to the CNS |
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Progenitor Cells
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Cells in the ventricular zone that divide and form the CNS
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Symmetrical Division
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Division of 1 Progenitor Cell that gives rise to 2 identical Progenitor Cells
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Asymmetrical Division
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Division of 1 Progenitor Cell that gives rise to 1 Progenitor Cell and a neuron
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Radial Glia
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Glia with fibers that grow from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex, guiding the pathways of neurons as they migrate away
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1st Cell Type produced by Progenitor Cells
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Glia Cells
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Cajal Retzius Cells
-what are they -where they are located -what is their function |
formed from progenitor cells.
establish themselves at the terminal ends of radial glia, secreting a chemical, further guiding the migration of neurons. |
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2nd Cell Type produced by Progenitor Cells
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Cajal Retzius Cells
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How many layers of neurons makes up the cortex?
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6
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What is the method of forming layers of neurons in the cortex?
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6 layers are formed
The next layer is formed further out from the last Glial cells guide the formation of each consecutive layer |
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Asymmetrical Division lasts _____ months?
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3
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Apoptosis
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Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that deactivates it
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What happens once neurons reach their final resting states?
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The develop axons and dendrites and terminal buttons
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Why do most neurons that are created die off rather than remain part of the CNS?
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Because neurons only remain if they find a suitable connection with another neuron. If they don't reach a postsynaptic connection that fits, they die
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What are 4 factors that affect development of the CNS?
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1) Genetic information determining where neurons migrate to (all neurons produced by the same progenitor cell follow the same path
2) By the axons themselves (what the axons become specialized for 3) Experience through growing up (critical periods) 4) Rewiring as an adult Ex: becoming a musician or losing a body part |
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Size of brain is determined by size of ________?
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Ventricular Zone
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Size of Ventricular Zone determined by?
-2 things |
# of symmetrical divisions (duplication of progenitor cells)
duration of time period when symmetrical divisions occur |
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B-Catenin
-what it does -what it could affect |
Regulates cell division and tissue growth
-could play part in determining size of cerebral cortex |
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Grey Matter consists mainly of ____?
Exists in the _____? |
Cell Bodies
Cerebral Cortex |
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White Matter Consists mainly of____?
Exists in the _____? |
Axons
"inside" the brain (below cerbral cortex) |
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Sulci
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Small groove in cerebral hemispheres
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Fissures
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Large groove in cerebral hemispheres
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Gyri
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Fold in cerebral cortex surrounded by sulci / fissures
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Calcarine Fissure
-what is located on it? |
Located in the occipital lobe
Primary Visual Cortex is on it |
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Lateral Fissure
-what is located on it? -separates.... |
Primary Auditory Cortex is located on it
Separates temporal and parietal lobes |
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Central Sulcus
-separates.... |
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
(seperates motor and somatosensory cortexes) |
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Insular Cortex
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Sunken Region of the Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex's 4 Lobes
-locations in brain |
Frontal-rostral / dorsal
Occipital - caudal / ventral Parietal - caudal / dorsal Temporal - rostral / ventral |
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Prefrontal Cortex
-does what? |
formulates plans and strategies
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Left / Right Hemispheres
-what each specializes in |
Left - Verbal Descriptions
Right - Physical Drawings |
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Corpus Callosum
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Large Bundle of Axons
-connects corresponding regions of the brain |
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Neocortex
-new/old -includes.... |
newest cortex in the brain
-includes motor, sensory, and association cortexes |
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Limbic System
-new/old |
oldest cortex
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Cingulate Gyrus
-located where? |
located above corpus callosum, along lateral walls of the groove separating R/L brain hemispheres
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Diancephalon contains these two brain parts....
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Thalmus
Hypothalmus |
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Caudate Nucleus
Globus Pallidus Putamen Are all parts of the_______ and are important for ___________ |
Basal Ganglia
Movement Control |
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Papez and MacLean are founders of which brain system? that controls _________
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The Limbic System
Controls Motivation and Emotion |
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3 Most important parts of the Limbic System....
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Limbic Cortex
Hippocampus Amygdala |
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Hippocampus
-important for... |
Long term memory
spatial skills |
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Amygdala
-important for |
memory, fear, and emotion
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Fornix
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Fiber bundle connecting hippocampus to other parts of the brain including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
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Mammillary Bodies
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Protrusions from the posterior end of the hypothalamus
May aid with memory |
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Hypothalamus
-functions? |
Autonomous functions
Endocrine system control |
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Thalamus
-location -function |
-middle of cerebral hemispheres (medial and caudal)
-sends information to cerebral cortex through projections (axons that form synapses with neurons in other brain regions) |
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3 Nuclei Types in the Thalamus for receiving/transmitting information
-what they receive/transmit |
Lateral Geniculate Nuclei - receives / transmits visual info
Medial Geniculate Nuclei - receives / transmits auditory info Ventrolateral Nuclei - receives info from cerebellum and sends into to motor cortex |
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Pituitary Gland is located at the base of the ______?
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Hypothalamus
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Optic Chiasm
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An X-shaped connection of optic nerves at the base of the brain
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Neurosecretory Cells
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Secrete hypothalamic hormones which stimulate the pituitary gland to release its hormones
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Tectum
-location and consisting of? |
Dorsal(top) part of midbrain
consists of superior and inferior colliculli |
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Superior Colliculli
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2 bumps on top of midbrain for visual system
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Inferior Colliculli
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2 bumps on top of midbrain for auditory system
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Tegmentum
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Ventral (bottom) part of midbrain
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Periaqueductal Gray Matter
Reticular Formation Red Nucleus Substantia Nigra Ventral Tegmental Area ALL located within the _______? |
Tegmentum
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Periaqueductal Gray Matter
-located within -what is it and what does it control |
-located in Tegmentum
-network of neurons -arousal attention and sleep |
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Reticular Formation
-located within -made up mostly of____? |
-located in Tegmentum
-made up of cell bodies (grey matter) |
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Red Nucleus
-located within? -what does it do? |
-located in Tegmentum
-receives input from cerebellum and motor cortex > sends messages to motor neurons in spinal cord |
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Substantia Nigra
-located within? |
-located in Tegmentum
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Mentacephalon consists of these two brain parts....?
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Pons and Cerebellum
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Myelencephalon consists of the _____?
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Medulla Oblongata
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Pons
-relays info between...? -helps control.... |
Relays info between cerebral cortex and cerebellum
helps with sleep and arousal |
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Damage to Cerebellum impairs...
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movement
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The Cerebellum is attached to the ____ via_______?
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Pons
Via Cerebellar Peduncles |
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Cerebellar Penduncles
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3 bundles of axons that attach cerebellum to pons
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Cerebellar Cortex
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Cortex covering surface of Cerebellum
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Cerebellum collects all forms of sensory information to aid in controlling________
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movement
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Spinal Cord
-main function? |
To distribute motor neurons to organs
AND collect information from the body for the brain |
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Spinal Roots
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Bundles of axons that occur in pairs which combine to form spinal nerves.
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Cauda Equina
-what is it and where is it located? |
Bundle of spinal roots caudal to end of spinal cord (at bottom end of spinal cord)
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Caudal Block
-what is it? -how is it performed? |
Paralysis of the lower part of the body, done by injecting anesthesia into the CSF around the cauda equina.
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Dorsal Roots
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Incoming sensory info roots
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Ventral Roots
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Outgoing motor info roots
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Spinal Nerves consist of ?
(2 things) |
Dorsal and Ventral roots
aka sensory and motor fibers |
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Somatic Nervous System
-controls what type(s) of muscle |
Sensory info and motor info
skeletal muscle |
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Autonomous Nervous System
-controls what type(s) of muscle |
functions needed for survival
smooth/cardiac muscle |
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Afferent Axons
vs. Efferent Axons |
Afferent go AWAY from the sense source (towards brain)
Efferent go TOWARD sensory source (away from brain) |
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Cranial Nerves
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Serve sensory functions of the head and neck
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Vagus Nerve
-sends what info to where? |
Largest cranial nerve
-sends autonomic info to organs in the thoracic and abdominal regions |
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Adrenal Medulla
-location? -secretes? |
Located in the middle of the adrenal gland
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Preganglionic Neurons
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Leave the autonomic nervous system part in the CNS and deliver messages to Portganglionic Neurons
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Postganglionic Neurons
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Meet with Preganglionic Neurons and then form connections directly with their target organ
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