Neuroscience: Chapter 18

Front 1

Affective neuroscience

Back 1

The investigation of the neural basis of emotion and mood

Front 2

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 2

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

Front 3

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 3

Emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression

Front 4

Unconscious emotion

Back 4

The experience or expression of emotion in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimulus that evoked the emotion

Front 5

Limbic Lobe

Back 5

The hippocampus and cortical areas bordering the brainstem in mammals, which Broca proposed as a distinct lobe of the brain

Front 6

Papez Circuit

Back 6

A circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex, proposed by papez to be an emotion system

Front 7

limbic system

Back 7

The group of structures that hypothetically govern the sensation and expression of emotions are often referred to as the limbic system

Front 8

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Back 8

A constellation of symptoms resulting from bilateral temporal lobectomy in humans and monkeys that includes decreased fear and aggression (flattened emotions), the tendency to identify objects by oral examination rather than visual inspection, and altered sexual behavior

Front 9

Amygdala

Back 9

An almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe thought to be involved in emotion and certain types of learning and memory

Front 10

Predatory Aggression

Back 10

attacks made against a member of a different species for the purpose of obtaining food. Not associated with high levels of activity in the sympathetic division of the ANS. Lateral Hypothalamus.

Front 11

Affective aggression

Back 11

For show rather than to kill for food, and it involves high level of sympathetic activity. Medial Hypothalamus.

Front 12

Psychosurgery

Back 12

Brain surgery used to treat mental or behavioral disorders

Front 13

Sham Rage

Back 13

A display of great anger in a situation that would not normally cause anger; behavior produced by brain lesions

Front 14

Medial Forebrain bundle

Back 14

A large bundle of axons coursing through the hypothalamus carrying efferents from the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons in the brain stem and fibers interconnecting the hypothalamus, limbic structures, and midbrain tegmental area

Front 15

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Back 15

A bundle of axons reciprocally connecting the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray matter

Front 16

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

Back 16

A region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the core of the midbrain, with descending pathways that can inhibit the transmission of pain-causing signals

Front 17

Prosopagnosia

Back 17

Inability to recognize faces consciously,

Front 18

Brainstem Nuclei

Back 18

Oldest centers related to
affective processing.
Generate autonomic output
to regulate the heart,
vasculature, and ovisceral organs.

Front 19

Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

Back 19

Coordinates
coherent physiological
and behavioral responses
to threat

Front 20

Hypothalamus

Back 20

Hypothalamus (Hy) governs
pituitary system.
the Hy plays
a major role in the
regulation of motivated
behavior and homeostasis and
interacts with the autonomic
nervous system through large
reciprocal connections with the PAG.

Front 21

What in the diencephalon are most closely associated with affective processes?

Back 21

The mediodorsal nucleus (MD)
and the intralaminar nuclei
of the thalamus (Thal)

Front 22

Serotonin and Aggression

Back 22

Serotonergic raphe
neurons project to the
hypothalamus and limbic
structures via the
medial forebrain bundle.
Decreased serotonin
leads to aggression in rodents.

Front 23

Amygdala in telencephalon

Back 23

Plays roles in both positive
and negative affective
processes.
Important for the evaluation
of sensory cues for
relevance to the organism,
and directs an organism to
learn more about a stimulus
so as to better determine
its predictive value forwell-being and survival.

Front 24

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Back 24

Important for fear and anxiety

Front 25

Basal Forebrain Nuclei

Back 25

BNST, Other nuclei serve as
suppliers of acetylcholine to
the cortex and play a key role
in motivational modulation of
attention and sensory
plasticity.
These and others important for
human reward and pleasure:
Stimulation studies suggest
that stimulation of the septal
region in the BF can produce
pleasurable responses

Front 26

Basal Ganglia

Back 26

Planning and initiating motivationally-
relevant behaviors.
The ventral parts of the Str play
important roles in motivation, reward,
and learning.
Along with VTA and lateral Hy, they
form a network of regions rich in
dopamine and opioid receptors that
might be considered the appetitive
motivational ‘backbone’ of the brain.

Front 27

Paralimbic Cortex

Back 27

aINS associated with interoception of
affect related body states, including
perception of pain and itch and with
visceromotor control.
The medial and lateral anterior TC are densely interconnected with OFC, and
early studies of human TC stimulation
produced particularly strong and vivid
emotional experiences.
Damage to OFC is associated with
inappropriate generation and regulation
of affect, e.g., inappropriate emotion
given the social context...

Front 28

Pleasant Experiences

Back 28

Pleasant experiences
associated with
relatively greater
activation in medial dopamine-rich areas

Front 29

Unpleasant Experiences

Back 29

Unpleasant
experiences
associated with more
consistent activation
in Amy, aINS, PAG,
and left OFC and more
posterior portions of
vStr and vGP.

Front 30

Neural Circuit for Fear

Back 30

A fear stimuli is mediated by the amygdala. The emotional stimulus reaches the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala by way of the auditory cortex and the signal is relayed to the central nucleus. Efferents from the amygdala project to the brain stem periaqueductal gray matter, causing the behavioral reaction to the stimulus, and to the hypothalamus, resulting in the autonomic response