Neuroscience And Behavior

Front 1

Sensory Neurons

Back 1

Info about environment, light and sound. From receptor cells in sensory organs to brain

Front 2

Motor Neurons

Back 2

Communicate info to the muscles and glands of body

Front 3

Interneurons

Back 3

communicate info between neurons

Front 4

Glial Cells

Back 4

structural support for neurons

Front 5

Cell Body

Back 5

also called soma, manufacture proteins and process nutrients. creates E

Front 6

Dendrites

Back 6

branch out from cell bodies, recieve info from other dendrites

Front 7

Axon

Back 7

SIngle elongated tibe that extends from cell body. Carries info from neuron to other cells in body.

Front 8

Myelin Sheath

Back 8

fatty, white stuff that covers axons formed by special glial cells. Speeds up messages, degeneration causes multiple sclerosis

Front 9

Stimulus threshold

Back 9

minimum level of stimulation it requires to activate neuron

Front 10

Resting Potential

Back 10

Inside of axon is negatively charged compared to outside (-70mV). Outside has more sodium (+), inside has more potassium (-)

Front 11

Action Potential

Back 11

E charge on inside momentarilly changes with the opening of ion channels (+30mV)

Front 12

Refractory period

Back 12

repolarizes and reestablishes inside (-) and outside (+)

Front 13

Synapse

Back 13

Point of communication btwn two neurons. Message sending neuron is presynaptic, message recieving is post synaptic

Front 14

Neurotransmitters

Back 14

Special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron that are held in synaptic vessicles at the end of the axon terminal.

Front 15

Synaptic Transmission

Back 15

Process of transmitting info at the synapse

Front 16

Reuptake

Back 16

When the neurotransmitters are released by the receptor sites after recieving their message and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and reused.

Front 17

Acetylcholine

Back 17

NT found in motor neurons, stimulates muscles to contract including heart and stomach. Also found in brain for memory, learning and general intellectual functioning (Depletion causes alzheimers)

Front 18

Dopamine

Back 18

Memory, attention, learning, pleasurable or rewarding sensations. Degeneration causes parkinsons, also linked to addiction to drugs that increase dopamine activity in brain. Too much activity can be cause of schizophrenia

Front 19

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

Back 19

Serotonin: Sleep, sensory, perception, moods and emotional states
Norepinephrine: regulation of sleep, learning and memory retrieval (both can cause depression)

Front 20

GABA

Back 20

NT found in brain, usually inhibits excitatory messages. Too much impairs leanring, motivation and movement. Alcohol increases GABA activity

Front 21

Endorphins

Back 21

Regulate perception of pain. 100 times more potent than morphine. Opiate addictions evolve from release of endorphins

Front 22

CNS

Back 22

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 23

PNS

Back 23

consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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Somatic Nervous System

Back 24

carries sensory receptors to and from spinal cord to do voluntary movements

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Involuntary movements such as hearbeat, blood pressure, breathing and digestion. Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Front 26

Sympathetic system

Back 26

emergency system, rapidly activating bodily systems to meet threats or emergencies. (fight or flight)

Front 27

Parasympathetic System

Back 27

Conserves and manages your physical resources. Calms you down after emergency

Front 28

Hypothalamus

Back 28

triggers release of hormones, main link between nervous and endocrine system. Controls pituatary gland whose hormones regulate release of many other hormones.

Front 29

Adrenal Glands

Back 29

Adrenal cortex and Adrenal Medulla. Both involved in human stress response, Release adrenaline and Norepinephrine

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Neuroplasticity

Back 30

brains ability to change function and structure

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Functional Plasticity

Back 31

Brains ability to shift functions from damaged part of brain to undamaged

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Structural Plasticity

Back 32

Brains ability to change structure in response to learning active practice or environmental stimulation

Front 33

Neurogenesis

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development of new neurons, takes place in hippocampus

Front 34

Hippocampus

Back 34

Critical in the forming of new memories

Front 35

Brainstem

Back 35

Consists of hindrain and midbrain

Front 36

Hindbrain

Back 36

Connects SC with rest of brain. Sensory info crosses over here (contralateral organization). Consists of medulla, pons and cerebellum

Front 37

Medulla

Back 37

Pathways cross here, also controls breathing heartrate and blood pressure

Front 38

Pons

Back 38

ABove medulla, relays info from various parts of brain to the cerebellum by bundle of axons

Front 39

cerbellum

Back 39

Balance, muscle tone, coordinated movement, learning of muscle memory

Front 40

Midbrain

Back 40

centers for processing visual and auditory info

Front 41

Substantia Nigra

Back 41

Involved in motor control and has large concentration of dopamine producing neurons. (parkinsons involves symptoms due to degeneration of dopamine producing neurons here)

Front 42

Cerebral Cortex

Back 42

divided into 2 hemispheres

Front 43

Corpus Callosum

Back 43

Bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres, each hemisphere can be divided into four regions

Front 44

Temporal Lobe

Back 44

recieves auditory information

Front 45

Occipital Lobe

Back 45

Back of brain, primary visual cortex. visual info recieved

Front 46

Parietal Lobe

Back 46

Processing bodily, somatosensory info. Like touch, temp, pressure, info from receptors in muscles

Front 47

Frontal Lobe

Back 47

planning, executing and initiating voluntary movements. Primary motor cortex

Front 48

Limbic System

Back 48

In forebrain, make a border between cerebral cortex and brainstem

Front 49

Hippocampus

Back 49

New memories and events, invovles neurogenesis

Front 50

Thalamus

Back 50

Process and distribute motor and sensory info (except smell). ALso regulates levels of awareness, attn, and motivation

Front 51

Hypothalamus

Back 51

Brain within brain, regulates both divisions of autonomic nervous system and many functions of survival. daily sleep wake cycles

Front 52

Amygdala

Back 52

response patterns, fear anger disgust