Neuroscience

Front 1

Rods and Cones are ___________ in the retina

Back 1

Photoreceptors

Front 2

Free nerve endings are called ?

Back 2

Nociceptors

Front 3

Nociceptors respond to ______________?

Back 3

Tissue Damage (pain)

Front 4

Sensor selectivity resides solely with the ____?

Back 4

Sensor Receptor

Front 5

Light, sound, electrical waves, taste, pressure etc are all considered

Back 5

Sensory Modalities

Front 6

the dynamic range of the cochlea is ______?

Back 6

10^12

Front 7

which modality is associated with Ruffini's End Organ

Back 7

Deep Pressure

Front 8

Merkel's Disks are associated with which sensory modality?

Back 8

Superficial Pressure

Front 9

Meissner's Corpuscles sense ________

Back 9

pinpoint touch; superficial vibration

Front 10

Pacinians Corpuscules respond to _______?

Back 10

Deep Vibration

Front 11

Back 11

a

Front 12

How is the feeling of cold expressed in terms of expression?

Back 12

Loss of expression of TRP channel receptors and Krause's End Bulb protein

Front 13

Name a physical property that determines the kinetics of a receptor potential?

Back 13

Pacinian Corpuscule= layers dampen mech. stim.- allowing detection of strong stim.

Front 14

What's a receptor potential?

Back 14

The response to sensory stimulation; opening of non selective cation channels

Front 15

If a receptor potential is strong enough it can cause a _______?

Back 15

Action potential

Front 16

the receptive field is defined as?

Back 16

An area in the environment or the body that can respond to stimuli with a generator potential

Front 17

for the somatosensory system, multi-modal information is conveyed through the _________ of the spinal cord?

Back 17

Dorsal column

Front 18

What Constitutes a motor unit?

Back 18

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 19

________ is used as the neuromuscular juncture neurotransmitter in invertebrates

Back 19

Glutamate

Front 20

The descending motor system starts at the _______ and follows the __________ tract down to synapse on motor neurons on the ventral horn

Back 20

Motor Cortex; corticospinal

Front 21

coordinated movement is accomplished by timed, coordinated ___________ driven by alpha motor neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord

Back 21

muscle contractions; ventral horn

Front 22

High # of Mitochondria in Red parts of muscle allow for__________?

Back 22

Sustained contraction; longer to fatigue

Front 23

myotubes are formed from__________?

Back 23

fused myoblasts

Front 24

what are the three inputs to lower motor neurons (alpha motor neurons)

Back 24

1)Corticospinal tract

2)Spinal interneurons [cross regulation]

3)Muscle spindles [sensory feedback]

Front 25

What stimulates the postsynaptic ESPS at neuromuscular junctures?

Back 25

Activation of nicotinic ACh receptors by acetylcholine

Front 26

muscle fiber AP's are conveyed by ___________ to the _____________ where ____________ is released

Back 26

T-tubules; Sarcoplasmic reticulum; Ca

Front 27

Muscle Spindles detect ___________ and are heavily _____________?

Back 27

stretching; innervated, sensory and motor

Front 28

What's myotatic stretch reflex? Because it's a ___________ relay, the brain is _______________

Back 28

Spindle sensory fibers sending signals to motor fibers in the spinal cord to contract the muscle; monosynaptic; not involved

Front 29

The Gamma Loop is a means of ________. The ___________ fire to contract the spindle, re-setting it.

Back 29

allowing the spindle to remain taught and responsive to stretching after having gone slack as the associated muscle contracted and shortened

Gamma motor neurons

Front 30

Golgi tendon organs are found ___________ ,and relay signals on muscle strain to the spinal cord via______________

Back 30

in tendons where muscle meets bone; Ib sensory axons

Front 31

Gogli Tendon organs work in _____________ while Spindles work in ______________

Back 31

Series; parallel

Front 32

activation of a flexor muscle in response to sharp external stimuli is through_____________ with branching motor neurons from the _____________ pathway

Back 32

Excitatory interneurons;

Spinothalamic Pain pathway

Front 33

one leg going straight to hold the body's weight as the other is lifted off of something sharp is a mechanism known as the _______________?

Back 33

Cross-extensor Reflex

Front 34

The ______________ tract delivers coordinated motor patterns to spinal motor neurons resulting in _____________

Back 34

corticospinal tract; voluntary movement

Front 35

descending motor signals cross over in the __________

Back 35

brain stem

Front 36

babinski sign in adults, indicated by curling up of toes after plantar stimulus results from______________?

Back 36

damage to uppor motor system descendng via corticospinal tract

Front 37

The vestibulospinal tract is associated with ____________?

Back 37

balance and tuning

Front 38

Tectospinal tract is associated with? The _________ part of the brain receives info from the eyes

Back 38

orienting; superior colliculus

Front 39

secondary pathways adjustthe motor pattern based on _______________?

Back 39

feedback

Front 40

The basal ganglia is like the gate for _____________?

Back 40

initiation of movement

Front 41

The cerebellum regulates the motor program via ?

Back 41

proprioceptive adjustment

Front 42

Taste and smell are so-called ________-tuned, meaning _____________

Back 42

Broadly; they can distinguish a wide range of mixtures of volatiles.

Front 43

Chemoreceptor sensation takes place as ____________ coding; _______________ underlies the former using ________________

Back 43

population coding; Temporal coding-> patterns of AP

Front 44

odors are formed from volatile components in the _______________

Back 44

Nasal cavity

Front 45

Taste cells are more formally called ____________

Back 45

gustatory neuroepithelial cells

Front 46

5 tastants include:

Back 46

sweet bitter salt sour umami(amino acids)

Front 47

Responses from taste cells depend on _____________& _____________

Back 47

amount of 'tastant' and duration of exposure

Front 48

What is the final step in the transduction of saltiness?

Back 48

Calcium inflow triggers release of neurotransmitter, activating the gustatory nerve

Front 49

Regarding Saltiness, what sets off depolarization in the membrane of taste cells ?

Back 49

significant inflowing Na through Na-selective channels

Front 50

How is sour detected by gust. cells?

Back 50

Protons pass through salt channels, plug K channels with e's -> distinct depolarization pattern

Front 51

what is the 'Ca storage tank' utilized by G-protein linked receptor relays?

Back 51

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 52

taste signals gather at the left gustatory nucleus in the _____________ of the brain from the tongue and epiglottis via ______________

Back 52

medulla; cranial nerves 8,9,10

Front 53

Taste signals are interpreted at ___ synapses in the ____________________ and do/don't cross sides

Back 53

3; primary gustatory complex; don't

Front 54

odors must be _______________ in solution for them to be sensed

Back 54

dissolved

Front 55

Olfactory neurons synapse with ___________ which form _________________ and ultimately___________

Back 55

mitral cells; olfact nerves; olfac tract

Front 56

unusual for a cell, Olfactory cells have a higher concentration of ______________ on the inside

Back 56

Cl

Front 57

Olfactory cells utilize _____________ gated channels to bring in Ca, with ATP supplying the components; the enzyme ______________ is affiliated

Back 57

cAMP; adenylyl cyclase

Front 58

desensitization results from

Back 58

decreased # of APs to continued stim.

Front 59

Olfactory nerves seeking similar receptors in the ____________ will congregate as___________ to express the signal

Back 59

Olfactory bulb; glomeruli

Front 60

after passing through the thalamus, smell signals localize at the ______________

Back 60

orbitofrontal cortex

Front 61

c-type fibers are the _____________ & _____________

Back 61

smallest and slowest

Front 62

which is the first anterolateral pathway axon size to respond to pain

Back 62

A-delta

Front 63

The ______________ tracts process sensory info regarding pain and temp

Back 63

anterolateral tracts

Front 64

Spinothalamic, Spinotectal and Spinoreticular are named for _______________?

Back 64

the brain region of their second synapse

Thalamus

Tectum=super colliculus

Reticular Formation

Front 65

axons carrying pain information synapse at the _______________ on the spinal cord

Back 65

big gel (Substantia Gelatinosa)

Front 66

what kind of nerve cell responds to acids, histamines, and ATP

Back 66

Chemical Nociceptors

Front 67

How is a 'Gate for Pain' proposed to work

Back 67

Inhib and excit inputs manipulating an interneuron that blocks the spinalthalamic tract

Front 68

How can Pain be blocked by the brain?

Back 68

opiates like endophorin activate receptors on Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) in the midbrain blocking the spinalthalmic tract

Front 69

What directly blocks incoming pain signals in the case of descending inhibition

Back 69

an Excited Inhibitory Interneuron with activity from the Raphe nucleus

Front 70

What's the target in the Thalamus for the optic nerve ?

Back 70

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Front 71

There is the highest concentration of __________ at the center of the visual field, known as the __________

Back 71

Cones; Fovea

Front 72

images are focused but ____________ by the ______ onto the retina and sensory info moves from __________ to ____________

Back 72

inverted; back to front

Front 73

Which two neuron types receive signals from photoreceptors?

Back 73

Bipolar and Horizontal

Front 74

the ___________ is a blind spot where no light detection occurs

Back 74

optic disk

Front 75

_________ is the light-detecting molecule within Rhodopsin and induces a _____________ when it is straightened out (isomerized)

Back 75

Retinal; conformational change in Rhodopsin

Front 76

Why are carrots good for vision?

Back 76

Filled with Vitamin A which is a source for retinal

Front 77

a single photon is detectable due to ___________

Back 77

hyper amplification of signal

Front 78

Which conformation of Rhodopsin triggers the downstream effects of photon striking?

Back 78

Metarhodopsin II

Front 79

Inactivated photoreceptors (in the dark) are considered _____________ at _____mV due to open ______ channels; photo reception creates?

Back 79

depolarized @ -35 mV; Sodium channels; hyper polarization

Front 80

A ____________ degrades ___________ in the presence of light resulting in closed sodium channels on activated photoreceptors

Back 80

Phosphodiesterase; cGMP

Front 81

In addition to discontinued Na inflow, hyper polarization results from _________________________ which is perceived by __________ cells

Back 81

Decrease in Glutamate released; bipolar

Front 82

Horizontal cells integrate differences in ____________ between ______________

Back 82

light; photoreceptors

Front 83

horizontal cells release the neurotransmitter _________ and are therefore _______________

Back 83

GABA; Inhibitory

Front 84

Messages sent over short distances do not generate action potentials but ______________ instead, created by _________________?

Back 84

Graded Potential signals; changes in membrane potentials

Front 85

Metabotropic Glutamate receptors use _____________ to propagate signals and are inhibitory

Back 85

G-coupled Proteins

Front 86

Off-center light works through __________ bipolar cell glutamate receptors, deemed _______

Back 86

Excitatory; iGluRs

Front 87

the different structural types of On & Off center bipolar cells segregate _________________ to different layers in the retina

Back 87

Functional output (AP patterning)

Front 88

ganglion cells responds more to _______________ rather than absolute levels.

Back 88

differences in illumination

Front 89

inputs from optic nerves penetrate(innervate) different layers of the _______________ within the Thalamus

Back 89

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Front 90

The _______________ receives retinal input relevant to daily rhythms, known as circadian rhythms

Back 90

Hypothalamus

Front 91

The Pretectum receives retinal input that coordinate ___________

Back 91

Rapid eye movement

Front 92

visual input from a specific receptive field is segregated into ___________________ in the Visual cortex, leading to a 'mapping' of the visual field known as___________________

Back 92

Ocular Dominance Columns; retinotopic

Front 93

the integration for binocular vision happens ____________ ocular dominance columns (spatially)

Back 93

in between

Front 94

Each simple cell of the visual cortex responds to bars of light with a specific ______________ & _____________

Back 94

position and orientation

Front 95

Retintopic distribution means that for any given column position, input is from ___________________

Back 95

a particular and corresponding receptive field

Front 96

Simple cells receive input from ________________ which can relay either excitatory or inhibitory signals and pass info on to _______________

Back 96

Lateral geniculate cells; complex cells

Front 97

the surround effect in regards to visual cortex cells results in a decrease in _________________ activity due to _________________

Back 97

Action Potential; light outside the cells capacity to interpret (either wrong orientation or position[simple cells]

Front 98

The pinna of the outer ear enhances sound in the range of _______________ Hz

Back 98

2000-5000 Hz

Front 99

The three bones of the middle ear connect the _____________ to the ________________

Back 99

tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the Oval window

Front 100

movement of the 3 middle ear bones results in __________________ onto the oval window

Back 100

changes in pressure

Front 101

The oval window lies between the stapes and which cochlear canal?

Back 101

Scala vestibuli

Front 102

The round window immediately below the _______________ separates the middle ear from the _________________

Back 102

scala tympani

Front 103

The basilar membrane is responsible for _____________

Back 103

converting sounds into neuronal activity

Front 104

__________ fluid fills the scala media and has a high concentration of _____________

Back 104

Endolymph; Potassium ions

Front 105

the endocochlear potential arises from ____________

Back 105

the differences in ionic composition between endolymph and perilymph fluids

Front 106

According to Tonotopical organization different frequencies are ____________. High frequencies for example are interpreted____________ and they enter the brain at spatially specific areas.

Back 106

interpreted at different regions along the basilar membrane within the cochlea; at the base of the cochlea

Front 107

The __________________ closely covers the hair cells of the _______________ within the cochlea

Back 107

Tectorial Membrane; Organ of Corti

Front 108

The _______________ forces the hair cells up to bend against the tectorial membrane

Back 108

basilar membrane

Front 109

hair cells have ____________________-gated ion channels to allow Potassium influx from endolymph

Back 109

mechanical-gated; Bent is closed

Front 110

Cochlear Hair cells are synapsed to _____________ which eventually gets the info to the ____________

Back 110

ganglion forming the auditory nerve; auditory cortex

Front 111

The difference in arrival time to the ear between two sounds is known as the __________

Back 111

Interaural Time Delay

Front 112

Which entity determines horizontal location of sound based on time delay and intensity?

Back 112

Superior olive

Front 113

most metabolically active brain region in cats and rodents! Impaired GABA leads to seizures

Back 113

Inferior colliculus

Front 114

last stop before auditory signals reach the cortex

Back 114

Medial geniculate Nucleus MGN