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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Central Pattern Generator?
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-Basic Locomotor Pattern of Each Limb
-Require: Sensory Input Local Spinal Cord Circuitry, Motor Output |
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What are the Major Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?
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-Caudate
-Putamen -Globus Pallidus (Internal and External) -Substantia Nigra -Subthalamic Nucleus (Pars Compacta and Pars Reticulata) |
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What does the term Striatum or Neostriatum refer to?
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Caudate + Putamen
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What does the term Paleostriatum refer to?
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Globus Pallidus (GPe and GPi)
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What does the term Lenticular Nucleus refer to?
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Putamen + GPe + GPi
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What divides the Caudate and Putamen?
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Internal Capsule
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Where does the Nucleus Accumbens sit?
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Between the Caudate and Putamen
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What Nucleus sits between the Caudate and Putamen?
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Nucleus Accumbens
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What major function does the Hippocampus serve? What will a Lesion to the Hippocampus result in?
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-Memory
-Amnesia |
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What are the Major Functions of the Basal Ganglia?
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-Planning and Maintaining Motor Activities
-Procedural Learning (Habits) -Inhibiting Competing Motor Activities -Controlling Eye Movements -Additional Cognitive Roles Including Regulating Though Patterns |
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What is the Direct Pathway? What does it do? What results?
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-Releases Thalamic Activity
-Increases Motor Output |
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What is the Indirect Pathway? What does it do? What results?
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-Decreases Thalamic Activity
-Decreases Motor Output |
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Describe the Direct Pathway. Nuclei, NTs, and Effects.
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-Cortex (Glutamate)
-(+) Striatum (Caudate and Putamen) - GABA and Substance P -(-) SNr + GPi - GABA -(Disinhibition) Thalamus - Releases Motor Inhibition -Increased Motor Activity |
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What is the Thalamus's Normal Effect on Cortical Motor Output?
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Excitatory
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What is the Normal Effect of SNr and GPi on the Thalamus? Why?
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-Inhibitory
-NT = GABA |
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How does the Striatum act on the GPi and SNr in the Direct Pathway? What results? How?
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-GABA and Substance P are released
-Inhibit the GPi and SNr -GPi and SNr Normally Inhibit the activity of the Thalamus - Now we have Disinhibition -Thalamus Increases Activity -Increased Motor Output |
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Describe the Indirect Pathway. Nuclei, NTs, and Effects.
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-Cortex (Glutamate)
-(+) Striatum (Caudate and Putamen) - GABA and ENK -(Disinhibition) GPe - GABA -(+) STN - Glu -(+) SNr and GPi - GABA -(-) Thalamus -Decreased Motor Output |
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What is the Normal Effect of the STN on the SNr and GPi in the Indirect Pathway? Why?
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-Excitatory
-NT = Glu |
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How does Inhibiting the GPe in the Indirect Pathway lead to Decreased Motor Output?
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-GPe Releases GABA and Inhibits the STN
-The STN Releases Glu and Excites the SNr and GPi which release GABA to Inhibit the Thalamus and Motor Activity -If the GPe is Inhibited, it will have less of an Inhibitory Effect on the STN, thus Decreasing Motor Output |
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What are some disorders that result from Increased Motor Output?
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-Dyskineasias
-Ballismus -Choriform -Athetoid -Dystonia -Huntington's Disease? |
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What are some disorders that result from Decreased Motor Output?
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-Bradykinesia
-Rigidity -Akinesia -Masked Face -Parkinson's? |
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What is TRAPD? What might you expect if a patient shows these symptoms?
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-TRAPD - Resting Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural Instability, Dementia
-Parkinson's |
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What is the pathology behind Parkinson's and its effects?
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Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substania Nigra-Striatal Pathway
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A Patient comes in with Cogwheel Rigidity, they have difficulty getting out of a chair, no arm swing when they walk, and take short shuffling steps. What do you suspect?
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Parkinsons
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What role does the SNc play in the Direct and Indirect Pathway?
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-Regulatory
-Releases Dopamine on the Striatum |
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What is Bradykinesia?
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Slowness of Movement
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What is Dystonia?
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Involuntary Muscle Contractions
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What is Athetosis?
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-"Writhing"
-Inability to Maintain a Fixed or Sustained Posture -Constant Slow, Sinuous, Purposeless Movements |
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A patient comes in doing all of the following: What are they exhibiting?
-"Writhing" -Inability to Maintain a Fixed or Sustained Posture -Constant Slow, Sinuous, Purposeless Movements |
Athetosis
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What is Chorea?
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-Involuntary, Arrhythmic Movements which are Forceful, Rapid, and Jerky
-May be Complex but never combined into a Coordinated Act -Often Superimposed on Voluntary Movements |
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A patient comes in doing all this shit: What is this called?
-Involuntary, Arrhythmic Movements which are Forceful, Rapid, and Jerky -May be Complex but never combined into a Coordinated Act -Often Superimposed on Voluntary Movements |
Chorea
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What are some treatments for Parkinsons?
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-Levodopa and Dopamine Agonists
-Amantidine -MAO-B Inhbitors -Deep Brain Stimulation - STN and GPi |
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What is Essential Tremor? Describe its characteristics?
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-Upper Extremity Tremor with Posture and/or Action
-Bilateral, Usually Roughly Symmetric -Typically of Long-Standing Duration |
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What is Myclonus? Describe its characteristics?
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-Not a Termor
-Sudden, Shock-like Muscle Contractions -May be Regular and Rhythmic but usually Irregular and Jerky -Epileptic or Non-Epileptic |
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What are some possible causes of Chorea?
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-Medications - Haldol, reglan
-Huntington's Disease -Hemiballism (Stroke) -Post-Infectious (Strep Infection) -Pregnancy -Other Disorders |
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What is Cogwheel Rigidity?
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-Special Form of Rigidity that Exhibits a Rhymic Resistance that is Ratchet-like in Character
-Seen when the Limb is Passively Stretched |
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What is Lead-Pipe Rigidity?
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-Hypertonus is Uniform throughout the movement of the muscle
-No Initial Free Interval as seen in Spasticity |
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What is Huntington's Diseaes? What is it Characterized by? How does it result?
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-Inherited Disease of the CNS
-Progressive Dementia, Involuntary Choreic Movements -Result from Degeneration of the Caudate and Putamen |
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What is Akathisia?
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-Motor Restlessness with a "Desire to Move"
-Difficult for Patients to Describe |
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What is Ataxia? What can cause it?
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-Symptomatic Interruption of Cerebellar Pathways
-Lesions to almost anywhere |
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What is Ballismus? What causes it? What is it called if only one side is affected?
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-"Jumping About"
-Characterized by Violent Flinging of the Limbs -Usually a Stroke to the STN -Hemi-Ballismus - More Common |
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What is Wilson Disease?
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-Disorder of Copper Metabolism
-Affects Brain and Liver -Hallmark - Kayser-Flischer (Copper Colored) Ring around the the Cornea |
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A patient comes in with a Copper-Colored ring around their eyes, why might they're problem be?
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Wilson's Disease
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How can Dementia result in Huntington's Disease?
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From Loss of Cortical and Subcortical Cells
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What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
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-Iatrogenic Disorder
-Antipsychotics Block D2 Receptors -Relieves Schizophrenia, Cause Movement Disorder |
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A patient has a lesion to the STN. What is this called? What results?
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Ballismus
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What is Dysmetria?
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Poor targeting of planned movments
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What is Intention Tremor?
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Rhythmic Tremor at the end of a planned movement
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What types of Disorders are Dysmetria, Intention Tremor, and Ataxia?
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Cerebellar Movement Disorders
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