Neuropsychology Ch 5

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CNS development begins w/ unfolding from...

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cephalic to caudal, proximal to distal, inferior to dorsal

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Neurogenesis involves proliferation of neurons of....

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of the neural tube followed by migration to predetermined locations

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CNS and PNS develop from outer ectoderm layer approximately

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18 days after conception

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Ectodermal tissue (neural plate) rises, then subsequently folds and fuses at approximately the...

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the fourth week to form the neural tube

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Cavity of neural tube gives rise to

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the ventricular system and cells lining the wall of the neural tube (precurser or progenitor cells)

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Precusor or progenitor cells create

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the neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia)

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Migratory process

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cells move outward toward genetically determined destinations in temporally different waves

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Differentiation occurs after migration and is

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cells develop characteristics of the cell types that are intrinsic to brain region.

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Neural tube closes when?

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26th day of gestation

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Anterior end of neural tube creates

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Brain

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Posterior end forms

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spinal cord

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Neurulation is the process

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of forming and closing the neural tube

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Failure of anterior/posterior end of neural tube closing causes

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anencephaly (death)/ spina bifida respectively

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corticogenesis begins

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the 6th-7th embryonic week

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Neurons migrate in sheets called

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laminae which constitute 6 layers of the cortex and subcortical nuclei

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Agyria or lissencephaly occurs during the...

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11th to 13th weeks of gestation and involves underdevelopment of the cortical gyri

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Dendritic growth occurs mainly from

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birth to 18 months of age

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synaptogenesis begins during the...

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2nd trimester as neuronal migration approaches completion

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pruning removes

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40% of cortical neurons during childhood

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reduction of visual ctx begins

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at 1 years of age and is completed by age 12

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reduction of prefrontal region proceeds from

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5 to 16 years of age

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polymicrogyria is a condition characterized by

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small densely packed gyri and is associated with mental retardation and epilepsy

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Cavities within the cerebral vesicles of the neural tube subsequently form the

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ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord

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At birth the brain weighs

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1/4 the adult weight of 1300-1500g

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Positron emission tomography (PET) can capture

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glucose metabolism of brain structures

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Highest glucose metabolism at 5 weeks old:

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sensorimotor ctx, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum

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2nd to 3rd month increased glucose metabolism evident in the

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parietal, temporal, primary visual, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

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between 6 and 8 months the .......increase in activation

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frontal and association cortices increase in activation

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Brain volume does not increase sig. after

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5 years old

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Stability in brain volume belies

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progression of white matter and regression of gray matter

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Peak in gray matter volume in parietal lobe occurs

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between 10 and 11 years

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Peak in gray matter volume in temporal lobes occurs

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by age 16

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Peak in gray matter volume in frontal lobe occurs

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by 11 to 12 years old

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among the last maturing cortical regions is...

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the dorsolateral prefrontal ctx

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PNS consists of the

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SNS and the ANS

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SNS involved in

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interaction with the external environment

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ANS participates in

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regulation of the body's internal environment

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2 divisions of the ANS

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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Sympathetic activity

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mobilizes energy necessary for psychological arousal including increased heart rate, blood flow, etc.

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Parasympatheitc activity is involved in

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conserving energy typically associated with relaxation by increasing digestion, and stored energy

Front 41

Brain occupies a space of

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1000 to 1500cm3

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Spinal cord extends

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46cm along the back

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30 levels of spinal cord consist of

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paired (afferent) dorsal root fibers, and (efferent) ventral root fibers

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Spinal cord outer layer is made of

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white matter

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spinal cord inner layer is

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gray matter

Front 46

how many coccyx, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spinal cord levels are there

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1, 5, 5, 12, 8

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blood-brain barrier consists of tightly formed ...

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endothelial cells in the walls of the capillaries of the brain held in place by astrocytes

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fossae

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ridges in the base of the skull that hold the brain in place

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foramina

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provide passage for nerves and blood vessels

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foramen magnum

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provides large median opening in the occipital bone for the spinal cord

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Soft membranous gaps that allow skull growth to accomadate brain growth

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fontanelles (close at 2 years old)

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temporal and sphenoid bones are thin, allowing easy fracture causing:

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shearing of cranial nerves, leakage of CSF from nose, bleeding from the auditory canal

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Space between two dural layers is

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epidural space

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space between dura and arachnoid space is the

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subdural space

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lateral ventricles attach to third via

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foramen of Monro (interventricular foramen)

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csf produced daily

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450 ml's

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3 openings in the roof of 4th ventricle:

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foramen of Magendie and 2 foramina of Luschka

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expansion of subdarachnoid space

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cistern

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arachnoid villi/granulations

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serve as paths for CSF to be absorbed by venous circulation(every 6-7 hours)

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normal intercrainial pressure

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0-15 torr

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expansion of ventricles from increased intercrainial pressure causes:

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hydrocephalus (inbalance in rate of CSF production or absorption)

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normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)

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increased ventricle size caused by increased cranial pressure, followed by normal pressure

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posterior cerebral artery supplies

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20% of blood flow to brain (20% of CVA's (cerebrovascular accidents aka strokes related to this artery)

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English anatomist Thomas Willis (1621-1675) discovered this

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circle of willis consists of anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, posterior communicating, and the posterior cerebral

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MCA supplies

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lateral hemisphere and most of basal ganglia

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Anterior cerebral artery usually not involved in stroke. Why?

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anterior communicating can supply blood

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Most common CVA:

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MCA infarct

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incomplete circle of willis by posterior cerebral artery a direct extension of the posterior communicating artery

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15% of population

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veins empty into the

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superior sagittal and transverse sinuses, deep veins of the brain, and the straight sinus

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Three bulges of neural tube from superior to inferior

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forebrain (prosencephalon), mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

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85% of brain is cerebrum, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain in the

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telencephalon

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cerebellar puduncles ferry info from

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pons to cerebellum

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hypothalamus instrumental in controlling the autonomic system and regulates

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emotional response, thirst, appetite, digestion, sleep, temp., sex, heart rate, smooth muscles of the internal organs

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Hypothalamus forms the

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floor and lateral wall of the third ventricle (4 grams/ pea size)

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3 zones of hypothalamus:

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lateral, medial, and periventricular

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lateral zone of the hypothalamus have

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afferent and efferent connections to and from regions outside the hypothalamus (preoptic, olfactory, brainstem)

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Medial aspects of hypothalamus has

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rich connections with the thalamus

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hypothalamus regulates the endocrine activity of

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of the pituitary gland

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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)stimulates release of cortisol and other hormones by the adrenal ctx and is released

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in response to stress and pain as part of the body's autnomic response to stress

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VPL and VPM are sensory nuclei which recieve input from

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somatosensory relay neurons and project directly to the primary and secondary somatosensory ctx

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LG body receives input from

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the optic tract and projects to the primary visual are

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MG body receives input from

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the auditory relay nuclei and projects to the primary auditory ctx

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VL and VI receive input from

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input from cerebellum and control movement

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lateral ventral anterior (VA) recieves

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ascending fiber tracts from the basal ganglia that are involved in regulating motor behavior

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VL, VI, VA project to

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precentral motor areas of ctx

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DM nucleus has many connections to

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limbic system and is involved in memory

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defects in right thalamus associated with defects

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in spatial ability, facial recognition, and perception of music

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cerebellum contains

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50% of neurons of brain but only 10% of weight

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basal banglia consists of:

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caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nuclei

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striato-pallido-thalamic loop provides a mechanism for

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processing and integrating info from different regions of the brain before cortical processes

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input side of basal ganglia receives info from separate sources and is called:

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striatum

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striatum projects to

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globus pallidus then to motor areas of thalamus

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substantia nigra plays role in basal ganglia function via

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dopaminergic nigrostriatal system

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extrapyramidal motor system is responsible

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for sterotyped postural and reflexive motor activity

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pyramidal system

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originates in cerebral ctx.

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2 theories of basal ganglia

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1)integration
2)relay
of motor information

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limbic means "border" was coined by Paul Broca when he noticed

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a ring of cortical tissue forms a border around the brainstem and medial aspects of the brain, he thought was involved in olfaction

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rhinencephalon means

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smell brain

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in 1937, James Perez suggested presence of limbic system which he thought was involved in....

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involved in mediating emotional behavior (we now know it is involved in expression of emotion, olfaction, learning and memory.)

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Limbic system structures:

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amygdala, hippocampus, mammilary bodies, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, septum, and olfactory bulbs

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Limbic lobe as defined by Broca:

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medial and basal surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres ("the mammalian brain")

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basolateral circuit centers around the

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amygdala, is in emotional processing

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Papez circuit, centers around

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the hippocampus

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memory dissorder of limbic system:

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Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome (observed in servere alcoholics with B1 thiamine deficiency)

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cingulum is a major intracerebral fiber within

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the cingulate gyrus directly superior to corpus callosum

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7-13 ms =

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time for info to cross hemispheres (via corpus callosum, anterior commisure, or hippocampal commisure)