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108 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
vitalism
behaviors only partly controlled by logical forces; they are also self-determined/ separate from physical determinants.
extreme proponents of vitalism
spirits or psychic phenomena account for much obervable bahavior.
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis
extreme proponent of vitalism example:
Materialism
logical forces determine brain-behavior functions
Walter Freeman's lobotomies
view of the brain as machine (materialism)
trephination uses:
to relieve cranial pressure related to brain swelling
"magical" form of healing for what we now recognize as epilepsy or schizophrenia
trephination
Heraclitus date, title and theory.
6th B.C. century philosopher who called the mind an enormous space with unreachable boundries.
Pythagoras date, title, and work
(580-500 B.C.) Geometer first to suggest the brain is at the center of human reasoning and plays a crucial role in the soul's life.
Brain hypothesis name of scholar and etc.
Group of scholars including Pythagoras said this idea that the brain is the source of all behavior.
Hippocrates date, title, and country
(460-377 B.C.) Greek physician honored as father of modern medicine.
Hippocrates suggestions (3)
1) emotions arrise from brain 2) epilepsy "sacred disease" is not divine and has specific medical cause
3) paralysis occurs on sie of body opposite to side of head injury.
In the time of Hippocrates it was.....
Sacreligious to dissect human body, especially the brain
Plato date, suggested in The Republic that....2) and first to.....
(420-347 B.C.) soul has three parts: appetite, reason, and temper. 2) suggest concept of mental health
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Cardiac Hypothesis
Erroneously believed the heart as the source of all mental processes, the brain functions as a radiator.
Egypt during 3rd and fourth centuries B.C. Alexandrian School
Ptolemaic rulers encouraged public dissections (vivisections of condemned criminals)
ventricular localization hypothesis
mental as well as spiritual processes reside in ventricular chambers of the brain.
cell doctrine
animal spirits are largely responsible for mental faculties
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) Italian, drew brain with spherical ventricles.
Who was the first experimental psysiologist and physician?
Galen (130-201 A.D.)
Galen suggested the brain is what?
A large clot of phlegm from which a pump forces psychic pneuma out into the nerve
Where did Galen believe the seat of the soul lied?
In the frontal lobes
Galen believed physical attributes relied on
Balance of four humours: blood, mucus, yellow and black bile. Air, water, fire, earth, respectively.
Curative procedure during Galen's era.
Blood letting.
Thirteenth century German Dominican monk who theorized behavior results from brain structures: cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum.
Albertus Magnus (13th)
Corrected Galen's mistakes by emphasizing brain cortex mass in humans:
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Pioneered academic theatre
Andreas Vasalius (1514-1564)
Mind and Body are seperate but interact with each other via the pineal gland.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes book Treatise on Man wasnt published until 14 years after his death because?
He was afraid of being branded heretical.
English anatomist who theorized mental processes as occuring in the corpus striatum
Thomas Willis (1624-1675)
Italian clinician who contributed to knowledge of aneurysm and selected corpus callosum as seat of mental activities
Giovanni Lancisi (1654-1720)
Excess black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm cause?
melancholy, musical talent, anger, and slow response to lover respectively.
Egyptians viewed life as...
A balance between internal and external forces
Egyptians believed that the center of the mind, sensation, and consciousness was
the heart
In India (700 B.C), this document proposed that the soul is nonmaterial and immortal
Atharva-Veda
Muslims believe God loves
the insane person
The Ancient Chinese medical practicioners endorse
a mechanistic view of mental processes, conceptualizing many mental health disorders as illnesses or vascular disorders
Europeans believed what about mental illness
Demonic possession
The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine was....
an ancient Chinese medical textbook including references to dementia, convulsions, and violence
Confucian writings said that....
mental functions are not distinct from physical functions and do not reside in any part of organism
In eastern Mediterranean and North African countries as early as 4000 to 5000 B.C. surgeons practiced?
Trephanation
Austrian anatomist (1758-1828) who borrowed from geography, postulated that the brain consits of a number of separate organs, each responsible for specific trait.
Franz Gall (1758-1828)
Franz Gall (1758-1828) theorized what about the personality and cognitive traits?
They are related to size of individual brain areas (Crainology)
faculty psychology is?
abilites are indepedent of each other.
Localization theory formulated by?
Franz Gall (1758-1828)
Phrenology 1)born from? 2) consists of?
1) Franz Gall's theory of crainology
2) Brain area enlarged=Skull area enlarged (measure cranial bumps to determine brain strengths and weaknesses)
Student of Franz Gall who taught phrenology in the US
Johann Spurzheim (1776-1832)
According to phrenologists the differences in men and women were:
Men had larger social areas of the brain (pride, energy, and self relience) whereas women lacked firmness and self-esteem
Phrenologists erroneously made what conclusion about the crainiums of different races
Whites had superior skulls indicating strong moral sentiment and intellectual power whereas "less advanced" races have inferior skulls (savagery and barbarous)
3 accomplishments of faculty psychology and discrete localization theory:
1) no one part of brain responsible for all behavior
2) more emphisis on cortex
3)studied mind through brain
In 1861 Paul Broca (1824-1880), founder of French anthropology revolutionized the way we think about what?
Cerebral convultions, by saying motor speech was located in the posterior inferior region of the frontal lobes
Broca's discovery of motor speech in the posterior inferior region of the frontal lobes allowed a better understanding of?
the origins of Brocas aphasia (inability to speech because musculature does not recieve appropriate brain signals)
Two conditions of allocating process to certain region of brain aka. double dissociation
1) Destruction of localized brain site impairs specific function
2) Damage to any other brain area shuld not result in same deficit.
Carl Wernicke (1848-1904) announced understanding of speech in the
superior, posterior aspects of the temporal lobe.
Inability to understand speech and speak coherently (fluent aphasia) related to deficit in...
Wernicke's area
Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) 1) best known as 2) wrote 3) made distinction between
1) founder of psychoanalysis
2) An understanding of aphasia (1891)
3) ability to recognize objects and ability to name objects (agnosia)
Aphasia flavors
inability to speak spontaneously, to repeat words, to read words, etc.
(1794-1867) Early advocate of equipontiality. Did ablation experiments of birds which led to a general disorder of behavior indepedent of lesion location
Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) conclusions:
Sensory input is localized at elementary level but process of perception involves the whole brain. Cerebral material is equipotential (can take over any missing functions)
Critique of Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
He used animals with small brains so any lesion would invade numerous functional locations. He only observed motor behavior (too simplistic).
Erroneously suggested that we only use 10% of our brains
Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
Pierre Marie (1906) challenged who and how?
Paul Broca by examining Leborne's brain and finding that he had widespread damage and not a localized lesion.
In 1881 who found that experimental lesions in the association cortex of a dog produced temporary mind-blindness
Hermann Munk (1839-1912)
In 1914, the founder of neurology, introduced the term anosognosia (inability to recognize when one has disease)
Joseph Babinski (1857-1932)
Joseph Babinski's (1857-1932) patients usually had...
lesion in the association cortex of the right hemisphere. They denied that anything was wrong with them even though they had hemiplegia
Student of behaviorist John Watson, who according to Donald Hebb founded experimental neuropsychology?
Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
Who found that impairment in maze running in rats was directly related to amount of cortex removed? What was the principle called?
Karl Lashley (1890-1958) mass action
London neurologist (1835-1911) investigated epileptic seizures and movement in relation to cortex
Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
London neurologist (1835-1911) concluded that higher mental functions consist of several simple functions
Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
Harlow (1952) and Krech (1962) found
No brain function/learning depends on one area of cortex. This view is entirely consistent with those of Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
Harlow (1952) and Krech (1962) found
No brain function/learning depends on one area of cortex. This view is entirely consistent with those of Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
Russian neuropsychologist who labeled the brain into 3 units : brainstem, posterior lobes, and frontal/prefrontal lobes
Alexander Luria (1902-1977)
Realized that a viable brain-behavior theory must not only explain data that fits equipotentiality and localization theories, but also data that does not.
Alexander Luria (1902-1977)
Luria suggested the brain was divided into 3 functional parts: what do they do? 1)brainstem 2) posterior 3) frontal/prefrontal
1)arousal and maintenance of muscle tone 2) reception, integration, and analysis of sensory info 3)planning, executing, and verifying behaviors
Luria's concept of functional systems:
pattern of interaction in brain areas necessary to ocomplete behavior. furthermore, no single area is responsible for a given action.
Pluripotentiality:
any given area of the brain can be involved in few or many behaviors.
Who proposed that psychology has a long past but a short history?
Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
Who published a work on wartime brain injuries in 1933?
Kleist (1933) Germany localization approach
Antilocalizationists?
Lashley, Marie, and Jackson
Wernicke was known as what?
Diagram maker
Moniz and Lima first attempted to what in 1935 (birth of psychosurgery)
alleviate mental suffering by operating on the frontal lobes earning him a Nobel prize in medicine in 1949.
Walter Freeman and James Watts performing what in the 1940's
Lobotomies in the US in 1940's
Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)
advanced the understanding of the relationship between brain anatomy and behavior.
Who pioneered electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery bu systematic mapping of the brain to find damage
Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)
In the 1930's who used their test the Group Rorshach to evaluate patients with suspected tumor and stroke.
Molly Harrower's essay "Inkblots and Poems" (1991).
First neuropsychology laboratory in the united states was founded when and by whom?
1935 by Ward Halstead at the University of Chicago.
Ralph Reitan and Ward Halstead developed what Neuropsychological battery?
They developed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery
Who coined the word neuropsychology and when?
Sir William Olser in 1913 at John Hopkins Hopspital, Baltimore, Maryland.
1936- Karl Lashley used the term neuropsychology where?
To address the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology
In 1949 Canadian Donald Hebb published...
The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory.
1948 Hans-Leukas Teuber used the term neuropsychology where and why?
In a national forum during a presentation to the APA to describe war veterans with penetrating wounds
Until 1960's there was no unifying theory of brain-behavior relationships until
Luria's writings
Neuropsychological organizations: 1967, 1975,1980
The international neuropsycholoical society, National academy of neuropsychology, and Amerian Psychological Association Division 40 of Clinical Neuropsychology
Henry Hecaen (b.1912) founded the journal, demonstrated the functional properties of the right hemispehre (mediating visuoperceptual and visuocontructional processess.
Neuropsychologia
Auther Benton explored the role
the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in behavior.
Who established one of the first neuropsychology laboratories in the Neurology Department at the U of I SOM?
Auther Benton.
Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) was created by whom?
Auther Benton.
Oliver Zangwill (b.1913)founded what?
Founded neuropsychology in Great Britain.
Oliver Zangwill showed...
hemispheric specialization for speech in left-handers did not conform to the then-accepted rule of right hemisphere dominance
Norman Geschwind (1926-1984) founded
behavioral neurology
In 1958 who joined the staff of the neurologic service of the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital?
Norman Geschwind (1926-1984)
Who propsed in "Disconnection Syndromes in Animals and Man" (1965) that behavioral distrubances are based on the destruction of specific brain pathways (disconnections)?
Norman Geschwind (1926-1984)
Norman Geschwind showed that the dominance of left hemisphere for speech is in
a larger auditory association cortex in left hemisphere
US congress declared the 1990's as
"decade of the brain"
Muriel Lezak pioneered
the assessment approach in clinical neuropsychology
Muriel Lezak wrote
Neuropsychological Assessment in 1976
How many sports related concussions each year?
300,000
US Navy Aircraft has what onboard?
Resident Psychologist