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108 Cards in this Set
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vitalism
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behaviors only partly controlled by logical forces; they are also self-determined/ separate from physical determinants.
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extreme proponents of vitalism
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spirits or psychic phenomena account for much obervable bahavior.
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Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis
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extreme proponent of vitalism example:
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Materialism
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logical forces determine brain-behavior functions
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Walter Freeman's lobotomies
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view of the brain as machine (materialism)
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trephination uses:
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to relieve cranial pressure related to brain swelling
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"magical" form of healing for what we now recognize as epilepsy or schizophrenia
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trephination
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Heraclitus date, title and theory.
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6th B.C. century philosopher who called the mind an enormous space with unreachable boundries.
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Pythagoras date, title, and work
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(580-500 B.C.) Geometer first to suggest the brain is at the center of human reasoning and plays a crucial role in the soul's life.
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Brain hypothesis name of scholar and etc.
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Group of scholars including Pythagoras said this idea that the brain is the source of all behavior.
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Hippocrates date, title, and country
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(460-377 B.C.) Greek physician honored as father of modern medicine.
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Hippocrates suggestions (3)
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1) emotions arrise from brain 2) epilepsy "sacred disease" is not divine and has specific medical cause
3) paralysis occurs on sie of body opposite to side of head injury. |
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In the time of Hippocrates it was.....
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Sacreligious to dissect human body, especially the brain
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Plato date, suggested in The Republic that....2) and first to.....
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(420-347 B.C.) soul has three parts: appetite, reason, and temper. 2) suggest concept of mental health
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Cardiac Hypothesis
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Erroneously believed the heart as the source of all mental processes, the brain functions as a radiator.
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Egypt during 3rd and fourth centuries B.C. Alexandrian School
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Ptolemaic rulers encouraged public dissections (vivisections of condemned criminals)
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ventricular localization hypothesis
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mental as well as spiritual processes reside in ventricular chambers of the brain.
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cell doctrine
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animal spirits are largely responsible for mental faculties
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Leonardo da Vinci
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(1452-1519) Italian, drew brain with spherical ventricles.
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Who was the first experimental psysiologist and physician?
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Galen (130-201 A.D.)
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Galen suggested the brain is what?
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A large clot of phlegm from which a pump forces psychic pneuma out into the nerve
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Where did Galen believe the seat of the soul lied?
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In the frontal lobes
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Galen believed physical attributes relied on
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Balance of four humours: blood, mucus, yellow and black bile. Air, water, fire, earth, respectively.
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Curative procedure during Galen's era.
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Blood letting.
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Thirteenth century German Dominican monk who theorized behavior results from brain structures: cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum.
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Albertus Magnus (13th)
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Corrected Galen's mistakes by emphasizing brain cortex mass in humans:
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
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Pioneered academic theatre
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Andreas Vasalius (1514-1564)
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Mind and Body are seperate but interact with each other via the pineal gland.
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
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Descartes book Treatise on Man wasnt published until 14 years after his death because?
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He was afraid of being branded heretical.
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English anatomist who theorized mental processes as occuring in the corpus striatum
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Thomas Willis (1624-1675)
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Italian clinician who contributed to knowledge of aneurysm and selected corpus callosum as seat of mental activities
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Giovanni Lancisi (1654-1720)
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Excess black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm cause?
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melancholy, musical talent, anger, and slow response to lover respectively.
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Egyptians viewed life as...
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A balance between internal and external forces
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Egyptians believed that the center of the mind, sensation, and consciousness was
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the heart
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In India (700 B.C), this document proposed that the soul is nonmaterial and immortal
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Atharva-Veda
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Muslims believe God loves
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the insane person
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The Ancient Chinese medical practicioners endorse
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a mechanistic view of mental processes, conceptualizing many mental health disorders as illnesses or vascular disorders
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Europeans believed what about mental illness
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Demonic possession
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The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine was....
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an ancient Chinese medical textbook including references to dementia, convulsions, and violence
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Confucian writings said that....
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mental functions are not distinct from physical functions and do not reside in any part of organism
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In eastern Mediterranean and North African countries as early as 4000 to 5000 B.C. surgeons practiced?
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Trephanation
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Austrian anatomist (1758-1828) who borrowed from geography, postulated that the brain consits of a number of separate organs, each responsible for specific trait.
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Franz Gall (1758-1828)
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Franz Gall (1758-1828) theorized what about the personality and cognitive traits?
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They are related to size of individual brain areas (Crainology)
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faculty psychology is?
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abilites are indepedent of each other.
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Localization theory formulated by?
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Franz Gall (1758-1828)
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Phrenology 1)born from? 2) consists of?
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1) Franz Gall's theory of crainology
2) Brain area enlarged=Skull area enlarged (measure cranial bumps to determine brain strengths and weaknesses) |
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Student of Franz Gall who taught phrenology in the US
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Johann Spurzheim (1776-1832)
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According to phrenologists the differences in men and women were:
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Men had larger social areas of the brain (pride, energy, and self relience) whereas women lacked firmness and self-esteem
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Phrenologists erroneously made what conclusion about the crainiums of different races
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Whites had superior skulls indicating strong moral sentiment and intellectual power whereas "less advanced" races have inferior skulls (savagery and barbarous)
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3 accomplishments of faculty psychology and discrete localization theory:
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1) no one part of brain responsible for all behavior
2) more emphisis on cortex 3)studied mind through brain |
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In 1861 Paul Broca (1824-1880), founder of French anthropology revolutionized the way we think about what?
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Cerebral convultions, by saying motor speech was located in the posterior inferior region of the frontal lobes
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Broca's discovery of motor speech in the posterior inferior region of the frontal lobes allowed a better understanding of?
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the origins of Brocas aphasia (inability to speech because musculature does not recieve appropriate brain signals)
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Two conditions of allocating process to certain region of brain aka. double dissociation
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1) Destruction of localized brain site impairs specific function
2) Damage to any other brain area shuld not result in same deficit. |
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Carl Wernicke (1848-1904) announced understanding of speech in the
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superior, posterior aspects of the temporal lobe.
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Inability to understand speech and speak coherently (fluent aphasia) related to deficit in...
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Wernicke's area
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) 1) best known as 2) wrote 3) made distinction between
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1) founder of psychoanalysis
2) An understanding of aphasia (1891) 3) ability to recognize objects and ability to name objects (agnosia) |
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Aphasia flavors
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inability to speak spontaneously, to repeat words, to read words, etc.
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(1794-1867) Early advocate of equipontiality. Did ablation experiments of birds which led to a general disorder of behavior indepedent of lesion location
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Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
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Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) conclusions:
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Sensory input is localized at elementary level but process of perception involves the whole brain. Cerebral material is equipotential (can take over any missing functions)
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Critique of Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
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He used animals with small brains so any lesion would invade numerous functional locations. He only observed motor behavior (too simplistic).
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Erroneously suggested that we only use 10% of our brains
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Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
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Pierre Marie (1906) challenged who and how?
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Paul Broca by examining Leborne's brain and finding that he had widespread damage and not a localized lesion.
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In 1881 who found that experimental lesions in the association cortex of a dog produced temporary mind-blindness
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Hermann Munk (1839-1912)
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In 1914, the founder of neurology, introduced the term anosognosia (inability to recognize when one has disease)
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Joseph Babinski (1857-1932)
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Joseph Babinski's (1857-1932) patients usually had...
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lesion in the association cortex of the right hemisphere. They denied that anything was wrong with them even though they had hemiplegia
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Student of behaviorist John Watson, who according to Donald Hebb founded experimental neuropsychology?
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Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
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Who found that impairment in maze running in rats was directly related to amount of cortex removed? What was the principle called?
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Karl Lashley (1890-1958) mass action
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London neurologist (1835-1911) investigated epileptic seizures and movement in relation to cortex
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Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
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London neurologist (1835-1911) concluded that higher mental functions consist of several simple functions
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Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
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Harlow (1952) and Krech (1962) found
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No brain function/learning depends on one area of cortex. This view is entirely consistent with those of Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
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Harlow (1952) and Krech (1962) found
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No brain function/learning depends on one area of cortex. This view is entirely consistent with those of Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911)
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Russian neuropsychologist who labeled the brain into 3 units : brainstem, posterior lobes, and frontal/prefrontal lobes
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Alexander Luria (1902-1977)
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Realized that a viable brain-behavior theory must not only explain data that fits equipotentiality and localization theories, but also data that does not.
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Alexander Luria (1902-1977)
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Luria suggested the brain was divided into 3 functional parts: what do they do? 1)brainstem 2) posterior 3) frontal/prefrontal
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1)arousal and maintenance of muscle tone 2) reception, integration, and analysis of sensory info 3)planning, executing, and verifying behaviors
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Luria's concept of functional systems:
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pattern of interaction in brain areas necessary to ocomplete behavior. furthermore, no single area is responsible for a given action.
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Pluripotentiality:
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any given area of the brain can be involved in few or many behaviors.
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Who proposed that psychology has a long past but a short history?
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Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
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Who published a work on wartime brain injuries in 1933?
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Kleist (1933) Germany localization approach
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Antilocalizationists?
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Lashley, Marie, and Jackson
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Wernicke was known as what?
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Diagram maker
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Moniz and Lima first attempted to what in 1935 (birth of psychosurgery)
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alleviate mental suffering by operating on the frontal lobes earning him a Nobel prize in medicine in 1949.
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Walter Freeman and James Watts performing what in the 1940's
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Lobotomies in the US in 1940's
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Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)
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advanced the understanding of the relationship between brain anatomy and behavior.
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Who pioneered electrical stimulation of the brain during surgery bu systematic mapping of the brain to find damage
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Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)
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In the 1930's who used their test the Group Rorshach to evaluate patients with suspected tumor and stroke.
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Molly Harrower's essay "Inkblots and Poems" (1991).
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First neuropsychology laboratory in the united states was founded when and by whom?
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1935 by Ward Halstead at the University of Chicago.
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Ralph Reitan and Ward Halstead developed what Neuropsychological battery?
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They developed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery
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Who coined the word neuropsychology and when?
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Sir William Olser in 1913 at John Hopkins Hopspital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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1936- Karl Lashley used the term neuropsychology where?
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To address the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology
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In 1949 Canadian Donald Hebb published...
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The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory.
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1948 Hans-Leukas Teuber used the term neuropsychology where and why?
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In a national forum during a presentation to the APA to describe war veterans with penetrating wounds
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Until 1960's there was no unifying theory of brain-behavior relationships until
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Luria's writings
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Neuropsychological organizations: 1967, 1975,1980
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The international neuropsycholoical society, National academy of neuropsychology, and Amerian Psychological Association Division 40 of Clinical Neuropsychology
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Henry Hecaen (b.1912) founded the journal, demonstrated the functional properties of the right hemispehre (mediating visuoperceptual and visuocontructional processess.
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Neuropsychologia
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Auther Benton explored the role
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the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in behavior.
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Who established one of the first neuropsychology laboratories in the Neurology Department at the U of I SOM?
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Auther Benton.
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Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) was created by whom?
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Auther Benton.
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Oliver Zangwill (b.1913)founded what?
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Founded neuropsychology in Great Britain.
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Oliver Zangwill showed...
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hemispheric specialization for speech in left-handers did not conform to the then-accepted rule of right hemisphere dominance
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Norman Geschwind (1926-1984) founded
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behavioral neurology
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In 1958 who joined the staff of the neurologic service of the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital?
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Norman Geschwind (1926-1984)
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Who propsed in "Disconnection Syndromes in Animals and Man" (1965) that behavioral distrubances are based on the destruction of specific brain pathways (disconnections)?
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Norman Geschwind (1926-1984)
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Norman Geschwind showed that the dominance of left hemisphere for speech is in
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a larger auditory association cortex in left hemisphere
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US congress declared the 1990's as
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"decade of the brain"
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Muriel Lezak pioneered
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the assessment approach in clinical neuropsychology
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Muriel Lezak wrote
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Neuropsychological Assessment in 1976
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How many sports related concussions each year?
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300,000
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US Navy Aircraft has what onboard?
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Resident Psychologist
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