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355 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Divisions of the Nervous System (NS)
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CNS - spinal cord and brain
PNS: somatic and autonomic ns |
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Peripheral NS
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Afferent nerves: from sense organs to brain
Efferent nerves: from CNS to muscles and glands Divided into: Somatic and Autonomic NS |
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Somatic NS
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Action of muscles and voluntary movement, responds to signals from senses
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Autonomic NS
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Nerves innervate smooth muscles, viscera, glands.
Involuntary activity - digestion, respiration rate, heartbeat Correl with changes in emotion Subdivisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS EKG measures and GS |
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Sympathetic NS
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Mobilizes: Fight or flight
Increased heart rate, pupil dilation, conversion of energy stores to glucose, increased blood flow to extremities, inhibition of digestion |
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Parasympathetic NS
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Deactivates Sympathetic NS and active during state of relaxation
Decreased heart rate, activate digestion and elimination, conversion of glucose to fat |
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CNS
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Both immersed in cerebrospinal fluid and contained within
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Brain
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1. Primitive core / Hindbrain: Top of spinal cord; regulates somatic activities breathing sleeping
2. Old brain / Limbic System / Midbrain: basic drives - hunger thirst, emotions 3. New brain / Forebrain: Cerebral cortex; higher cognitive, emotional, and motor functions |
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Spinal Cord
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Organized longitudinally
Paraplegia: lower limbs paralyzed complete transection of cord Quadriplegia: Top of cord all 4 limbs Hemiplegia: partial transection - one side Paresis: slight or partial paralysis Parasthesis: Abnormal sensations, numbness, tingling, burning Hyperesthesia: abnormal sensitivity to sensation Some communication no brain involvement - spinal reflex - knee jerk |
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The Neuron
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100 billion neurons and more Glial cells: physical support, nutrients, and means of cleaning debris in NS
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The Neuron: 3 Parts
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Cell body (soma): Made of cytoplasm, incl nucleus, contain chromosomes, within DNA, within mRNA (manufactures proteins).
Dendrites: Carry info to cell body, short fibers from cell body, several Axon: long fiber, ends in terminal button, only 1, many branches, collaterals, carry info away from cell body |
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Neuronal Conduction
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Process by which info is received and processed
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Action potential
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Threshold of electrical stimulation reached sends a nerve impulse into the axon
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All-or-none law
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Action potential is the same magnitude every time to fire
Stronger potential doesn't affect speed or magnitude but generates more action potentials |
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Speed of conduction
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1. larger diameter of axon, greater the speed
2. Myelin sheath: saltatory conduction. Loss of myelin is MS (muscular weakness, poor coord, tremors) |
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Synapse
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Small space that separates neurons
Pre: Sends info Post: Receives |
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals that carry info away from synapse
Manufactured in cell body, down axon, and stored in vesicles in terminal buttons Action potential releases NTS into synapse then bind to receptors on dendrites of post synaptic neuron to begin conduction again Excitatory or Inhibitory of action potential Neuromodulators: in/decrease sensitivity to other neurons |
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2 Process of Terminating Synaptic Transmission
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1. Reuptake: Terminal buttons take up excess NTS and store for later
2. Enzymatic degradation: Break down NTS into inactive metabolites and removed as waste |
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Found in CNS, Autonomic NS, and Neuromuscular junction (Terminal buttons and muscle fibers) in Cholinergic neurons.
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ACh - Excitatory effect
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At neuromuscular junctions causes muscles to contract
Defects: impairments in voluntary movement Curare blocks ACh receptors = paralysis Myesthenia Gravis loss of receptors = muscle weakness |
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ACh - Inhibitory effect
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Heart and respiratory muscles
Nerve gas and insecticides: inhibits breakdown of enzyme - accumulates in CNS and PNS - paralyzing respiratory = asphyxiation and death |
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ACh in the brain
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Role in learning and memory
Loss of receptors in cortex and hippocampus occurs in Alz, drugs that interfere with ACh prevent formation of new memories. Mediate sexual bx, REM sleep, sleep-wake cycle |
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Catecholamines
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Epinephrine, Norephinephrine, Dopamine
Pers, mood, drive, sleep, memory Lack of NE and DA - depression Excess = SCZ |
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Dopamine
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Excess - Tourette's and degeneration of neurons in Parkinson's (muscular rigidity and tremors)
Reinforcing action of stimulants: Coke: block reuptake Nicotine: Stimulates release of neurons of mesolimbic system |
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Serotonin
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Assoc with anxiety, mood, eating, sleep, arousal, temperature regulation, aggression, modulation of pain and migraine HA
Lack: Depression, OCD, PTSD, aggression High: SCZ, Anorexia, Autism |
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Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
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Most abundant
Inhibitory: eat, sleep, anxiety, seizure Low: Anxiety, Parkinson's, Huntington's Chorea (dementia and involuntary jerky movements in arms and legs) |
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Glutamate
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Excitatory: learning, memory, long-term potentiation (short-long term memory in hippo)
Excitotoxicity: Overactivity seizures and stroke related brain damage in Alz and Huntington's |
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Endorphins
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Neuromodulators that inhibit pain by bonding to opiate receptors, reduce activity in thalamus and cortex, result in feelings of pleasure
Acupuncture pain relief, sexual bx, emotions, memory and learning |
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Hindbrain
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Brainstem: medulla oblongata and pons
Cerebellum |
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Medulla oblongata
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Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion
Damage = Fatal |
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Pons
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Regulate state of arousal
Raphe nuclei (serotonin) trigger and maintain slow wave sleep |
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Cerebellum
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Balance, coord, posture
Damage: Ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance) EPS, linked to ADHD |
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Midbrain
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Substantia Nigra and Reticular Formation
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Substantia Nigra
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EPS
Movement: smooth, initiation, termination, directedness Parkinson's deg of nigra neurons |
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Reticular Formation
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Sleep and arousal, pain and touch, respiration and reflexes
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Reticular activating system (RAS)
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Reticular formation, thalamus, sensory areas: wake, arousal, attention
Selective attention Damage: alter sleep-wake cycle or permanent coma like sleep |
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Forebrain
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Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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Control autonomic and endocrine via pituitary - maintain homeostasis - monitor internal state, control temp, fluids, metabolism, appetite for specific nutrients
Control: drinking, feeding, sex, aggression, maternal Translation of strong feelings into physical response (heart rate) (rage, fear, excitement) |
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Hypothalamus
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Contains Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) control circadian rhythms
Info from retina, interprets it, and passes it to pineal gland - secretes melatonin (rise at night) keeps cycles in sync |
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Thalamus
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"Central switching station"
Incoming sensory info to cortex except for olfaction (amygdala in limbic system) Info from cortex to subcortex language memory, and motor activity - from cortex that leads to voluntary movement |
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Basal Ganglia
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Includes caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen
Codes and relay info assoc with control of voluntary movement, motoric expressions of emotions and sensorimotor learning Abnormalities: Tourettes, huntingtons, parkinsons, depression, mania, ocd, psychosis |
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Limbic System
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Mediate emotional component of bx. Include amygdala, septum, and hippocampus
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Amygdala
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Integrates and directs emotional bx, attaches emotional significance to info, mediates defensive/aggressive bx
Damage: Lack of emot reponse Kluver Bucy Syndrome: reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, altered dietary habits, "psychic blindness" (unable to recognize the significance of obj or sit) and hypersexuality |
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Septum
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Inhibits emotionality
Septal rage syndrome: lesions: hyper-emot and vicious bx Pleasure |
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Hippocampus
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Memory and learning, memory consolidation, transfer from short to long term memory
Bilateral destruction of hippo, amygdala, and medial temporal lobes = severe anterograde amnesia - learn new but can't retain after time Cortisol levels of stress impair memory Assoc with again and Alz |
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Cerebral Cortex
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Higher emotional, cognitive, sensory, motor functions
Last to stop growing after birth R-L Hemispheres 4 Temporal Lobes: frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal Contralateral representation |
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Frontal Lobe
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Motor bx, expressive language, higher-level cog processes, and orientation to time, place, person
Consists of primary motor cortex, premotor and prefrontal cortex |
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Primary motor cortex
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Pyramidal motor system (fine, intricate movements and speed/strength of movements) and voluntary motor movement
Contralateral motor weakness, paralysis, apraxia (disruption complex purposeful movements) |
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Premotor Cortex
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Broca's area: speech production
Broca's (expressive) aphasia: damage = Inability to use or understand language. Speak slowly and w/difficulty, few words, difficult to articulate, and are aware of deficits Simulations of action - motor imagery and action observation |
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Prefrontal cortex
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Pers expression, emotion, memory, and executive
Damage: Disrupt control and regulation of cog and planning Decreased initiative, deficient self-awareness, difficulties with decision making, abstract thinking social control and perseveration |
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Changes in personality
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Pseudodepression: apathy, lack of drive, little verbal output, inability to plan/focus attention
Pseudopsychopathy: Sexual disinhibition, coarse language, peculiar and facetious sense of humor, innappropriate social bx, lack of concern for others |
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Prefrontal decreased function
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SCZ, Bipolar, ADHD, and aging cognitive decline
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Temporal Lobe
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Receptive language, memory, emotion
Primary auditory cortex: mediate input Damage: auditory agnosia and deficits in selective attention Lead to hall, del, mood disturb |
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Temporal Lobe: Wernicke's area
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Comprehension of language
Wernicke's Aphasia, fluent or receptive. Normal sounding speech that doesnt make sense , dysnomia, unaware of deficits |
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Temporal Lobe: Conduction Aphasia
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Damage from are connected bw Wernicke's and Broca's called arcuate fasciculus. Speaks and comprehends but can not repeat what was heard.
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Temporal Lobe Damage
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Involved in long term memory. Deja-vu experience, verbal and nonverbal learning, organic amnesia, anterograde, retrograde
Intellectual and short-term are intact |
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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
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Personality syndrome: Intense emotions, preoc with religious/philos beliefs, viscosity (stickyness), social cling, dwell on details, changes in sexual bx
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex on the Postcentral gyrus
Processing somatosensory input (touch-pressure, pain, temperature) and intergrat;io with visual and other sensory info. |
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Lesions of parietal lobe
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Contralateral insensitivity to touch, disruption of movement, tactile agnosia, impaired spatial orientation, face recognition, apraxia (inability to execute purposeful movement despite normal motor functioning), collateral neglect (loss of interest of one side of body), asomatognosia (inability to recognize own body parts), agraphia (read or write)
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Gertzmann's Syndrome
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Left partiental lobe lesions: agraphia, acalculia, left-right disorientation, and finger agnosia
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual cortex, collateral blindness, distortion of images, blind spots, persistent after-images, loss of depth perception, visual agnosia (inability to recog by sight)
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Lateralization of Function
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Hemispheric lateralization
Evidence by Sperry's split brain research, EEG, Some dominance but both active most of time |
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Left hemisphere
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Left: Rational, analytical, sequencing, logical, written and spoken language
Left damage: depression and anxiety |
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Right Hemisphere
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Right: artistic and musical, understanding spatial relationships, expression of emotion, facial recognition, creativity
Right damage: apathy and indifference, temporary exag emot response |
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Extrapyramidal System
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Motor movement: smoothness, initiation, termination, directness.
Cerebellum, basal ganglia, substantia nigra Assoc with Huntington's and Parkinson's |
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Huntington's Disease
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Genetic, cognitive deterioration as well as abnormalities in movement
Degeneration on substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and cortex Assoc NTS: ACh, glutamate, GABA, and dopamine |
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Parkinson's Disease
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Tremors and disturbance in voluntary movement
Degeneration of dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra |
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Pyramidal System
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Mediates fine, intricate movements of speed and strength
From motor cortex to brain stem and spinal cord |
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Striatum
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Produce GABA, muscular activities walking and balance
Caudate nucleus and putamen ADHD, Huntingtons (decreased GABA and increased dopamine) |
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Wernicke's aphasia
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Speaks well and but doesn't make sense
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Relay station for all sensory info except olfaction
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thalamus
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Tactile agnosia due to damage of
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Parietal lobe
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Cerebellum is involved in
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posture and balance
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Temporal is to occipital as
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Hearing is to vision
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What is least developed at birth
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Cerebral cortex
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Damage to temporal lobe can cause
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Problems with memory
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Memory consolidation is mediated by
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Hippocampus
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Physiological Psychology
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Hunger, alertness, emotions, eating, sleeping, aggression
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Emotion: Freud
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Emot tied to early physio drives - hunger and need to escape pain
Universal and under unconscious control |
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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Occur when experience autonomic arousal and interpret as emot state
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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Stimulate cortex and thalamus produce sympathetic NS arousal and emot feeling
All emot are equal in physio arousal Physio accompanies feeling not causes it |
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Cognitive-Arousal Theory of Emotion
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Schacter and Singer
Emot related to physio arousal and cog attributions for that arousal. Sensations are similar but attrib makes emot different (env cues) Epinephrine study |
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Universal Emotions
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1860 Darwin
6 basic emotions: fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise, and disgust |
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Brain Mechanisms in Hunger
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Hypothalamus: Metabolic, neural, and hormonal to mediated intake/uptake of energy
Hindbrain: Signals from GI to Hypothalamus Limbic: Amydala: Emotions - reward and pleasure |
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Obesity
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25-40% genetic: resting metabolic rate, body fat distribution, and set point (bw metab and hunger)
Follow external cues to eat rather than internal More likely to eat in times of stress 61% overweight and 27% obese due to lifestyle |
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Sex Hormones
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Hypo stim pit releases luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. LH stimulate gonads to produce androgens and estrogen. FSH cause release of sperm and ova.
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Androgens
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Testosterone: Sexual interest and appetite and dev sex characteristics in males
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Estrogen
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Sexual devel and health funct of reproductive system
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Progesterone
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Healthy funct of reproductive system and during pregnancy for funct of placenta
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Sex hormones and menopause
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Reduction of 3
Estrogen: hot flashes, insomnia, mood swings, urinary incontinence, and vaginal changes, increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease, loss of sex drive |
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Estrogen replacement therapy or Hormone replacement therapy
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Reduce risk of osteoporosis and heart disease
Increase risk of breast cancer and other side effects |
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Female Sexual Bx
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Experience plays a role
Loss of androgen = decreased libido |
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Male Sexual Bx
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Castration: Decling in libido and potency
Hypogonadism: elevated testosterone, replacement tx Spinal cord injuries may not interfere with erections but with ejaculation |
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Sleep
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Restorative, Holdover from hibernation
Sleep switch in hypothalamus |
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The Sleep Cycle
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5 stages, 4 slow way NREM, 5th REM,
Alpha (relaxed) and beta (alert) waves during day Stage 1: Transition bw wake and sleep - alpha disappear, and theta appear. Muscles relax and heart rate slows Stage 2: Theta waves Stage 3: Slow delta Stage 4: Slow delta, deep sleep Stage 5: Similar to awake |
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The Sleep Cycle
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Cycle is avg 100 minutes 4-6 times a night. REM is 10-50 min (increases through night)
Dreams: Non/REM in REM more vivid, and more remembered |
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Age and sleep
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REM decreases with age
Infancy begin with REM Sleep less |
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REM Deprivation
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Adverse effect on cognitive functioning and anxiety irritability
not personality or serious maladjustment REM Rebound: more time in REM |
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Sleep Disorders
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Insomia: less delta, underestimate time sleeping
Nightmare disorder: During REM Sleep Terror Dx and Sleep walking in stage 4. |
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Memory
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Temporal Lobe: Long term
Hippo: Memory consolidation Prefrontal cortex: Short-term, working memory |
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
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Memory Dx, alcoholics with thiamine deficiency, lesions in hypo/thalamus
Retro/anterograde amnesia, confabulation, and apathy |
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Long term potentiation
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Long-term memory: Increased sensitivity of neurons and changes in shape of synapses in hippo
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Memory and RNA
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Increased production of RNA
Training or experience produce different kinds of RNA |
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Man paralyzed waist down would likely be able to
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attain erection and not ejaculate
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Alpha waves occur mostly during
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States relaxed wakefulness
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Sleep and aging
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Sleep and non-REM more than REM
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RNA plays role in
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memory
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what is one of the universal emotions
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surprise
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Endocrine System
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Ductless glands which secrete hormones that travel through the blood that influence the functioning of organs
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Pituitary Gland
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Hypo - Pit
Master gland that secretes hormones that act directly on organs and causes other glands to secrete hormones |
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2 Hormones released by pituitary
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Growth Hormone (GH) aka somatotropic - acts on epiphyseal plates on ends of bones in children and adol not adults. Over - giantism and under - dwarfism. In adulthood -acromegaly - enlarged hands, feet, face
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): inhibit urination when fluid needed - Undersecretion produces diabetes insipidus or excessive water loss |
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Adrenal Cortex
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Secretes cortisol that converts energy to glucose - released by ACTH
Undersecretion of ACTH leads to Addison Disease (fatigue, fainting, loss of appetite, decreased body weight, depression, and apathy) Oversecretion results Cushing disease: obesity, memory loss, mood swings, depression, and somatic delusions |
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Cortisol & Stress
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Impacts with chronic high levels and body is unable to return to homeostasis
Relaxation and biofeedback help to restore |
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Gonads
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Hypo release gonadotropic releasing hormone to pit where control release of LH and FSH which control release of sex hormones by gonads
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Male & femal gonads
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Testes secrete steroids called androgens (testosterone).
Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone Control reproduction and sex characteristics |
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Dysfunction of gonads
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Androgen failure during development fail to develop normal male genitalia or female exposed to androgen early may develop male organs
Low level in males lower sexual potency |
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroxin controls metabolism, rate body burns calories
Cretinism: early deficiency results in maldevelopment and intellectual impairment Hypothyroidism: slowed metabolism, reduce appetite, weight gain, lowered heart rate and body temp, decreased sex drive, depression, and deficits in cognition (memory/concentration) Hyperthyroidism: Elevated body temp, increased metabolic rate, weight loss, increased appetite, accelerated heart rate, nervousness, agitation, fatigue, insomnia, mania, decreased attention span |
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Pancreas
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Insulin: absorption phase in metabolism of glucose and amino acids
Diabetes mellitus: inability to produce insulin - inject of insulin - untreated high blood glucose leve, mineral loss, low blood pressure, reduced blood flow, death Hypoglycemia: Over insulin - hunger , dizziness, HA, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, and confusion |
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4 Types of sensory receptors
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1. Photo: vision
2. Chemo: Taste and smell 3. Mechano: movement and hearing 4. Thermo: temp and hot/cold |
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Anatomy of Eye
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Light - Cornea (transparent covering) - Pupil (opening in iris) regulates light, Lens focuses light on retina - Retina light sensitive
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Reception
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Rods: Low levels of light
Cones: Colors during day Cones cluster in focea - maximum visual acuity Optic nerve from retina to brain Nerves stay on same side and cross to oppos side of brain Brain to thalamus the to occipital lobe |
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Anatomy of the Ear
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Vibration to auditory canal to ear drum sound waves amplified by 3 bones (ossicles) and transmitted to oval window - pressure on the liquid in cochlea (inner ear) leads to movement of hair cells (aud receptors) transform chem to neural to aud nerve to thalamus and to aud cortex in temporal lobe
60% cross |
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Principles in Coding
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Sound waves vary in frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness), and overtones (timbre).
Hertz: frequencies of cycles/second Loudness meas in decibels - Pain 120 db |
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Aud localization
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Determine direction of sound present at birth, disappears, declines 1-4 months, reemerge 4-5 mo, fully devel 12 mo
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Somethesis
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Touch, pain, body position (kinesthesia), temp
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Pain
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Depends on person
Associated with depression Alcohol dependence Large myelinated fibers inhibits pain Closing the gate - massaging, distraction, heat cold application Narcotic analgesics bind to receptors to block pain |
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Olfaction
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Most primitive of senses and does not run through thalamus
Not crossed in brain Receptors line rear part of nose and goes through limbic to brain |
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Taste
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Sweet sour salty and bitter
affected by smell and strongest in infancy |
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Psychophysics
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Study of relat bw the magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations
fechner: Absolute threshold - lowest threshold to experience. Difference threshold (JND) smallest physical diff that is recognized Fechner's Law: JND Internal and physical stimuli change equally Stephen's Law: Relat bw magnitude of physical stimuli and internal sensations, vary with diff kinds of stim |
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Pain can be cause by
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unacknowledged depression
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Gate control theory
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same stimul doesnt always cause the same level of pain bc pain can be blocked
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Which sense is lowest on phylogentic scale (means oldest and most primitive)
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Smell
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Structural brain imaging techniques: CAT/CT scan
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CAT or CT Scan: X-ray; density of brain tissue, tumors, blood clots, tissue damage, MS. Detects blood in and around brain, makes sure damage is not spreading, less costly than MRI
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Structural brain imaging techniques: MRI
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MRI: magnetic fields 3d image, CNS, tumors, strokes, degen disease, inflammation, infection, abnorm in organs and soft tissue.
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Functional Techniques: Pet Scan
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Structure and function of brain uses radioactive material , measures regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metab, oxygen consumption. Mapping distrib of NTS, and id brain dysfunction due to stroke, epilepsy, tumor, dementia, nerve tearing and other brain impair
SPECT and fMRI |
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Aphasia
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Disturbance in language production and/or comprehension.
Broca's and Wernicke's and conduction Dysarthria: prob in articulation and due to lesions that are in control of speech, mistaken for aphasia by Park, Hunt, and MS |
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Alexia
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Reading disability
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Apraxia
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Inability to learn or perform complex purposeful movements despite normal muscle strength and coordination - unable to recall how to do it
Ideomotor: Cannot carry out a command to perform but able to perform spontaneously Constructional: cannot draw or copy or arrange blocks |
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Agnosia
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Inability to recognize familiar objects - tactile, auditory, visual.
Aperceptive: cannot recog by sight but can by touch. Associative: Cannot name but know how it functions and can match it Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize familiar faces |
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Anosognosia
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Inability to unwillingness to recog own functional impairment
Right brain damage with left side paralysis have this |
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Brain Tumors
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Depends on location. Children develop more on brainstem cerebellum and adults in cortex. Often misdiagnosed as psychiatric bc often starts with depression, anxiety.
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Factors that suggest a tumor
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1. HA - dull, most common
2. Seizures - partial and adult onset 3. Nausea and vomiting, projectile 4. Changes in vision and hearing 5. localized weakness, sensory loss, paresthesias and ataxia |
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Alexia
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Reading disability
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What is a Stroke
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Sudden severe interference of blood flow in brain, can result from embolism (clot) or hemorrhage.
Cerebrovascular accident |
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Apraxia
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Inability to learn or perform complex purposeful movements despite normal muscle strength and coordination - unable to recall how to do it
Ideomotor: Cannot carry out a command to perform but able to perform spontaneously Constructional: cannot draw or copy or arrange blocks |
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Damages caused by middle cerebral artery stroke
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Contralateral hemiplegia, sensory loss, face and arm, dementia, contralat vision loss
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Agnosia
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Inability to recognize familiar objects - tactile, auditory, visual.
Aperceptive: cannot recog by sight but can by touch. Associative: Cannot name but know how it functions and can match it Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize familiar faces |
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Stroke statistics
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50% die w/in 6mo of stroke
10% full recovery Greatest improvement 6 mo Physical improve better than cog |
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Anosognosia
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Inability to unwillingness to recog own functional impairment
Right brain damage with left side paralysis have this |
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Common stroke impairment
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Impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fliud, hydrocephalus w/ csf in ventricles, sx of dementia, dist in gait, urinary incont
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Brain Tumors
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Depends on location. Children develop more on brainstem cerebellum and adults in cortex. Often misdiagnosed as psychiatric bc often starts with depression, anxiety.
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Factors that suggest a tumor
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1. HA - dull, most common
2. Seizures - partial and adult onset 3. Nausea and vomiting, projectile 4. Changes in vision and hearing 5. localized weakness, sensory loss, paresthesias and ataxia |
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What is a Stroke
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Sudden severe interference of blood flow in brain, can result from embolism (clot) or hemorrhage.
Cerebrovascular accident |
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Damages caused by middle cerebral artery stroke
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Contralateral hemiplegia, sensory loss, face and arm, dementia, contralat vision loss
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Stroke statistics
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50% die w/in 6mo of stroke
10% full recovery Greatest improvement 6 mo Physical improve better than cog |
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Common stroke impairment
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Impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fliud, hydrocephalus w/ csf in ventricles, sx of dementia, dist in gait, urinary incont
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Head Trauma: 2 Types
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Most common cause of brain damage under 40 y/o
Open: skull is penetrated, focal, and resolves quickly Closed: widespread period of loss of consciousness, amnesia, anterograde is best predictor of injury and recovery. Other somatic, emot, and cog problems. Some recover in 6-9 months. |
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Postconcussional disorder
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follows head trauma and 3 more sx for 3 mo (HA, dizzy, fatigue, irritability, agg, dep, anx)
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Huntington's Chorea
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Cog deterioration, pers and affect changes, and movement abnorm.
Avg age 30-50 but may be 2-60 Autosomal degenerative disease affects 50% of offsping of affected |
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Huntington's Chorea Sxs
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Early sx are affective (dep, anx), then cog (forget) and pers, then motor (clumsy, uncoord, figet).
Later Athetosis (slow writhing) and chorea (rapid jery), tics, distorted speech. Dementia Suicide risk is high when young |
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Huntington's Chorea Etio
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Substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and cortex
NTS: glutamate, ACh, GABA, and dopamine |
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Parkinson's Disease Sxs
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Degen brain dis w/ abnorm in movement
Sx: Tremor, muscle rigid, invol movement (restless), disturb posture and equilibrium, akinesia (slow movement, blank expression, emotionless speech) Comorbid with dep (low serotonin) and dementia |
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Parkinson's Disease Etio and TX
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Degen of dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra which effects basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex
Alleviated by L-dopa and other that increase da levels in brain |
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CT and MRI useful for
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Dx a brain tumor
PET and FMRI: Map NTS, Meas cerebral blood flow |
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Huntington's Chorea misdx with
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affective dx - early signs are affective
|
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Prognosis of Head injury best predictor is
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duration of antergrade amnesia
|
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Antidepressants
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Usually take 2-3 wks to effect
TCAs, SSRIs, MAOIs, newer : SSNRIs, serotonin-2 antagonist and reuptake inhibitors, tetracyclics, and norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor |
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Tricyclics (TCAs): Types
|
Tofranil: imipramine
Elavil: amitriptyline Anafranil - clomipramine |
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TCAs: Targets
|
Block reuptake of serotonin and norephinphrine at synapse.
Relieve vegetative sx of depression, ocd, bulimia, chronic pain, enuresis |
|
TCAs side effects (SE)
|
Dry mouth, constip, urinary retention, blurred vision, nasal congest - common
GI, impaired sexual funct, skin rash, sedation, memory impair, confusion, insomnia Most serious: cardio (tachy, palpitations, changes in BP. |
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TCA Lethal SE
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Severe hypotension, fever, delirium, seizure, coma, sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmia,
Lower SE = lower dose Combining w/MAOI = severe convulsions, hypertensive crisis, and death |
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SSRIs: 3 Types
|
Prozac - Fluoxetine
Zoloft - Sertraline Paxil - Paroxetine |
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SSRIs Used for tx of:
|
Depression, anxiety, ocd, binge eating, panic
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SSRI: How it works
|
Increase serotonin at synapse by blocking reuptake
|
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SSRI: Side Effects
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GI, loss of appetite, decreased libido, other sexual dys, HA, worsen sleep and increase anx in early tx stages, akathesia, eps sx.
When combined with TCA or MAOI, anticonvulsant, or antipsychotic can cause serious problems (serotonin syndrome). |
|
SSRI: Risks
|
Concern with worsen bx, depression, suicide
2004, FDA black label for risk of suicide with children and adol Fluox (prozac) only approved for children 8+ |
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MAOIs: How it works
|
Blocks enzyme break down of NE and Serotonin at synapse
|
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MAOIs: Types
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Phenelzine (Nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate) |
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MAOis: Treat these disorders
|
Atypical dep: increased appetite, hypersomnia, rejection sensitivity, mood reactivity, sx increase as day progresses, and accom sx of phobic anx, panic, and hypochondriasis
|
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MAOIs: SE
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Hypotension, dizzy, dry mouth, upet stomach, wt gain, blurred vision, and HA
|
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MAOIs: Hypertensive crisis
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Fatal
Elevated bp and convulsions occurs when taken with certain drugs or foods high in amino acid tyramine Such as beer, wine, aged cheese, beef or chicken liver, smoked meat, packaged soup, soy sauce, spinach, sour cream, avocados, bananas, plums, raisins, eggplant, tomatoes, and yogurt |
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MAOIs: Overdose
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Drowsy, agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, hall/del, seiz, coma
Large od is fatal (10 day supply) |
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SSNRIs Types
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Venlafaxine (Effexor) and Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
|
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SSNRIs Tx
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MD, GAD, SA, Panic
|
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SSNRIs SE
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abnormal dreas, agitation, sexual dys, GI, bp changes, drowsy, tingling, trembling
|
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Serotonin-2 Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors: Types and SE
|
Nefazadone (Serzone): Blurred vision and somnolence (treat insomnia)
Trazodone (Desyrel): tx impotence and may cause orthostatis hypotension, priapism |
|
Tetracyclic: How it works
|
Increases NE and Serotonin in brain
Does not cause sex dys, effective for tx, dep w/ anx, sleep problems, and chronic neurgenic pain |
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Tetracyclic: 2 Types
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Mirtazipine (Remeron): NE and Selective Serotonin Antidep (NaSSA) acts like antihistamine similar to benadry (diphenhydramine)
Maprotiline (Ludiomil) |
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Tetracyclic: SE
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Sedation, skin rash, blurred vision, dry mouth, dizzy, agit, et gain
|
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NE DA reuptake inhibitor: Type, SE, and Tx
|
Buproprion (Wellbutrin, Zyban): dep, smoking cess, off label for ADHD distract
SE: abdominal pain, constip, decrease in appet, dizzi, dry mouth, increased sweating, nausea, trembling, diff sleep, unusual dreams, and induce pre-exist seiz or psychosis |
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NRI: NE Reuptake Inhibitor
|
Reboxetine (Edronax)
Atomoxetine (Stattera): only non-stimulant indicated for ADHD and off label for anx |
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Mood Stabilizers: Lithium: How it works and tx
|
Unclear but may reduce postsynaptic responsivity to DA and NE
Bipolar, scz, intermittent explosive, epilepsy, and episodic binge drinking Bipolar: Lower levels of mania and levels out mood swings |
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Lithium: SE
|
Most common: Gastric distress, wt gain, tremor (35% finger), fatigue, mild cog impairment (confusion disorien)
Lithium toxicity: vomit, ab pain, diarrhea, tremor, ataxia, lead to seiz, coma, death Lithium levels must be monitored |
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Mood Stabilizers: Anticonvulsants: Tegretol and Depakote
|
Believed to affect serotonin
Carbamazapine dysphoric mania, and rapid cycling: faster onset SE: Lethargy, tremor, ataxia, and visual disturb - agranulocytosis (decrease wbc) Valproic acid: fewer SE |
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Antipsychotics: How it works
|
Traditional: Block DA
Atypical: Block DA, Serotonin, and Glutamate |
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Traditional Antipsychotics: Types
|
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), thioridazine (Mellaril), and Fluphenazine (prolixin, permitil)
|
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Traditional Antipsychotics: Tx
|
Scz, mania, and other dx with psychotic sx
Scz: alleviate positive sx |
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Atypical Antipsychotics: Types
|
Clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine, (Zyprexa), and ariprazole (Abilify)
|
|
Atypical Antipsychotics: Tx
|
Scz, and dx with psychotic sx
Clozapine effected for Parkinson's and Huntington's |
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Atypical Antipsychotics: How they work
|
Slow onset but alleviate pos and neg sx, effective for pt that do not respond to traditional
|
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Traditional Antipsychotics: SE
|
Anticholingeric: Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, gastric distress
EPS: Parkinsonism (muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, stooped posture, slurred speech, masklike facial expression), akathesia (restless, muscular discomfort), and dystonia (sustained muscle contraction, or spasms resulting in involuntary movements Tardive dyskinesia: abnorm invol movements, face tongue, jaw, facial grimacing and chewing - can be alleviated in young pt by w/d meds - 6 mo after tx |
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Atypical Antipsychotics: SE
|
Not assoc w/ TD or EPS
Agranulocytosis, assoc w/ higher rate of seiz Anticholinergic, sedation, hypotension |
|
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
|
Following use of any antipsychotic
Muscular rigidity, high fever, sweating, stupor, unstable bp, alter mental states, and autonomic dysfunction - usually during 1st 2 wks of tx - discont. meds |
|
Benzodiazepines Types
|
Most widely rx anxiolytic
Diazepam (valium), alprazolam (xanax), clonazepam (klonopin), lorazepam (ativan), and triazolam (halcion). |
|
BZD: How they work and tx
|
Enhance GABA, inhibit CNS
TX: anx, gad or panic, insomnia, severe alcohol w/d, cerebral palsy, and petit mal epilepsy |
|
BZD: SE
|
Drowsy, sedation - common
Wt gain, apathy, dry mouth, GI, paradoxical excitation, motor dist (ataxia and incoord), sex dysf Valium or ativan injected: anterograde amnesia Elderly: disorient and confusion |
|
BZD: Addiction
|
W/D sx: irrit, anx, agit, insomn, tremor, ab cramps, vomiting, sweating, flu-like sx
Severe: seiz, stroke, panic, and rebound hyperexcitability Fatal: Mix with alcohol or CNS depressant |
|
Barbituates: Types
|
Thiopental (pentothal), amobarbital (amytal), and secobarbital (seconal)
|
|
Barbituates: How they work and tx
|
Interrupt impulses in reticular activating system
Thio: gen anesthetic Amo: acute management of agitated pt. |
|
Barbituates: addiction
|
Fatally suppress respiration
w/ alcohol: potentiating effect on brain that controls breathing |
|
Azapirones - Busipirone (BuSpar)
|
Reduce anx w/o sedative effect, anticonvulsant, or muscle relaxant effects
SE: dizzy, HA, nausea, nervous, lighthead, excitement Work: Enhance DA and NE and reduce serotonin and ACh Slow onset, not addictive |
|
Betablockers: Propranolol (Inderal)
|
Reduce heart rate, palpitations, tremors, sweating, hypervent, and SNS activity
Tx: Performance anx, hypertens, cardiac arrhyth, migraine, and essential tremor SE: bradycard, hypotens, sex dysf, fatigue, paresthesia, dep, mem impair W/D: sweating palp, HA, tremor |
|
Psychostimulants: How they work
|
Innervate CNS by mimicking or potentiating the action of catecholamines (NE and DA) in the brain.
|
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Psychostimulants: Types
|
Cocain, amphetamines, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and pemoline (cylert - narcolepsy)
|
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Psychostimulants: Sx treated
|
decrease motor activity, diminish impulsiveness, increase vigilance, attention
|
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Psychostimulants: SE
|
decreased appetite, insomnia, stomach ache, dysphoria (anx, euphoria, irrit, sadness - 50% of kids), ocd sx, growth suppression (drug holidays), increase tics, od - psychosis
|
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Narcotic-Analgesics: Types
|
Natural opiods (opium, morphine, codeine) or synthetic (heroin, percodan, demerol, and methadone/
|
|
Narcotic-Analgesics: Use
|
Drugs of abuse, pre-op sedative, tx acute pain, chronic pain from cancer
|
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Narcotic-Analgesics: How it works
|
Bind to enkephalin receptors and block transmission of neural impulses
|
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Narcotic-Analgesics: SE
|
Pupil constriction, decreased visual acuity, perspiration, GI, respiratory depression
OD: decrease pulse rate, convulsions, coma, death |
|
Narcotic-Analgesics: Addiction
|
methadone: Substitute for heroin, as addicting, w/d milder, last longer, oral
|
|
Narcotic-analgesics: Substitute drug tx
|
Buprenophrine (Subutex)
Suboxone (buprenophrine/naloxone combo) Both FDA approved for tx and are opioid agonists. Effects: Euphoria, respiratory depression Reduce w/d, cause nausea, vomiting, constip |
|
Women with tardive dyskinesia, drug is gradually w/d, sxs will:
|
Increase temp, then begin to decline in younger adults
|
|
Common side effect of lithium
|
Fine hand tremor, mostly fingers 35%
|
|
Pharm tx for OCD is usually
|
antidepressants (clomopramine and fluoxetine)
|
|
Frequent SE of BZD in elderly
|
confusion and disorientation
|
|
In comparison to TCAs, SSRIs are
|
less lethal in OD
|
|
What antidepressant is least likely to cause cog impair
|
Fluoxetine (SSRI)
|
|
Regulation of emot is a function of the
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limbic system
|
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NTS most assoc w/ dep
|
NE
|
|
Right Hemis is dominant for
|
Visual-spatial skills - R brain creativity, communication and comprehension of emot, facial recog
language and logical thinking on Left |
|
What is being targeted in biofeedback
|
Parasymp NS - relax recup
|
|
Man w/ brain tumor, can't recog familiar faces, diffic getting dressed, problems deciphering visual-spatial info, and denies problem are suggestive of damage to the
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Parietal Lobe
|
|
Long-term potentiation is assoc w
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learning and memory
|
|
Son had fall hit head, diff with motor coord. Part of brain injured:
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Cerebellum
|
|
As tx for scz, neuroleptics are
|
most effective for positive sx
|
|
Dep, irrit, impuls, forgetful, clumsy, prob with fine motor are early sx of
|
Huntington's chorea
|
|
NTS assoc with vol movement
|
ACh
|
|
Pt exhibits cold intolerance, muscle aches and pains, slowness of speech impaired memory, confusion, depression
|
Hypothyroidism
|
|
ACh
|
NTS mediates memory, neurmuscular transmission, and parasympathetic arousal
Alz: Loss Park: Excess |
|
Age and sleep
|
Vary, increasing age total sleep time, stage 4 and REM decrease
|
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Agnosia
|
Inability to recog familiar stimuli
|
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Akathesia
|
Uncomfortable feeling of motor restlessness
|
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Akinesia
|
Slowness or loss of movement (brady), masklike facial expression, and emotionless speech
|
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All or none law
|
Bio law governing action potential - fire with minimim level of stim - beyond that does not effect speed or size
|
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Alpha Waves
|
Patterns of brain activity assoc with relaxed wakefulness
|
|
Amygdala
|
Limbic: control of emot activities, attachment of emot to sensory stim, fear condit, learning about reward and pun
|
|
Androgens
|
Male sex hormones
Testosterone and androstenedione |
|
Anhedonia
|
Lack of reaction to pleasure producing stim; inabil to exp pleas sensations
|
|
Anosognosia
|
Inability, unwill, to recog own others funct impair
|
|
Anticholinergic effect
|
SE of TCA
Dry mouth, constip, urinary retent, blurred vision, nasal congestion |
|
Antipsychotics
|
Tx pos sx of scz
Thorazine, mellaril, haldol, SE: Anticholinergic and EPS AKA neuroleptics |
|
Aphasia
|
Deficit or inability to use or understand spoken, symbolic, or written language
|
|
Apraxia
|
Inability to execute purposeful or org movements despite normal strength and coord - Damage to frontal or parietal lobes
|
|
Arrhythmia
|
Abnorm rhythm or rate of heart beat due to funct or org causes
|
|
Ataxia
|
Slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance
|
|
Atypical antipsychotics
|
Tx pos and neg sx of scz
Clozapine, risperidone, affect DA, serotonin, and glutamate Less likely to produce Tardive Dyskinesia |
|
Auditory Localization
|
Orient toward direction of sound, fully devel 12 mo
|
|
Autonomic NS
|
Division of peripheral NS in control of smooth muscles and glands.
2 divisions: para (restoration and recup)/sympathetic (expend energy) |
|
Barbituates
|
CNS depressants rarely used due to addictive and dangerous potential
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
Midbrain involved in muscle tone and motor coord and posture part of EPS
|
|
Beta-blockers
|
Reduce receptivity of beta-adrenergic neurons, innervate cardiac and respiratory systems - used as anxio
|
|
BZD
|
Anxio - Xanax, valium. ativan
|
|
Brain Imaging Techniques
|
Structural Imaging: CT and MRI - id tumors, blood clots, abnorm
Functional: PET, fMRI and Spect - neural activity, cerebral blood flow (neuroimaging) |
|
Brain tumor
|
Sx depend on location. Sx HA, seiz, focal neuro signs
|
|
Broca's aphasia
|
Slow, laborious, nonfluent speech
|
|
Catecholamine Hypothesis
|
Dep is due to deficiency of NE
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Coord movements and well learned fine movements
|
|
Cerebral stroke
|
Blood clot, obstruction, hemorrhage disrupting blood flow to brain - damage
SXs: hemianesthesia of face, arm, leg , contralateral hemiplegia and contralateral visual field loss |
|
Cerebral ventricles
|
4 cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid
Hydrocephalus: blockage of ventricles and build up of fluid |
|
Chorea
|
Uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements arms, legs, and face
|
|
Closed head injury
|
Followed by a period of loss of consciousness - recovery anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, other cog sx and changes in bx and motor abilities.
Best predictor: duration of anterograde amnesia |
|
Conduction aphasia
|
result of damage to nerve fibers bw broca's and wernicke's
Speak and comprehend diffic repeating what was heard |
|
Contralateral representation
|
Cortex for most all sensory and motor funct
Corpus callosum if split each side funct indep |
|
Corpus callosum
|
nerve fibers that connect left and right hemis
|
|
Dopamine
|
Motiv/emot/inhibitory motor regulation
Excessive: Ocd and scz Insufficient: park in the basal ganglia |
|
Dopamine Hypothesis
|
scz is due to overact of DA
|
|
Emotion regulation
|
Amydala, hypothalamus, and cortex assoc emo regulation.
Amydala: perception and expression of emot Hyp: translate emo to physical resp - left = happy and right - sad and fear |
|
Estrogen
|
Female sex hormone, secondary sex charact, reduced menopause
|
|
Externality Hypothesis
|
Obese tend to eat bc of external cues more than hunger cues
|
|
EPS
|
Drug effects on EPS: Parkinsonism (muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, stooped posture, slurred speech, masklike facial expression), Akathesia (muscular discomfort/restlessness), Dystonia (sustained muscle contraction or spasms resulting in involuntary movment), Tardive Dyskinesia (abnormal slow involuntary movements of face tongue jaw like facial grimacing and chewing
|
|
Frontal lobe
|
Lobe of the cerebral hemisphere that controls the motor cortex and in involved in expressive language, motiv, pers funct
|
|
Frontal lobe personality
|
Damage: depressive pers (apathy, lack of drive, little verbal output, and inability to plan and focus attention)
|
|
GABA
|
Most abundant NTS. Has an inhibitory role, esp limbic system (anx, seiz, sleep). Low level assoc with anx and deficits of GABA in motor regions assoc with Huntingtons Chorea (dementia and involuntary jerky movements in arms and legs)
|
|
Gate-Control Theory
|
Pain impulses can be blocked by competing impulses going to and coming from brain
|
|
Glutamate
|
NTS assoc w/cog funct, learning and memory
|
|
Hippocampus
|
In Limbic, trans info from short to long term memory
|
|
Huntington's Chorea
|
Inherited degen dx w/cog decline, affective, and bx changes, and movement abnorm (athetosis and chorea)
|
|
Estrogen
|
Female sex hormone, secondary sex charact, reduced menopause
|
|
Externality Hypothesis
|
Obese tend to eat bc of external cues more than hunger cues
|
|
EPS
|
Drug effects on EPS: Parkinsonism (muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, stooped posture, slurred speech, masklike facial expression), Akathesia (muscular discomfort/restlessness), Dystonia (sustained muscle contraction or spasms resulting in involuntary movment), Tardive Dyskinesia (abnormal slow involuntary movements of face tongue jaw like facial grimacing and chewing
|
|
Frontal lobe
|
Lobe of the cerebral hemisphere that controls the motor cortex and in involved in expressive language, motiv, pers funct
|
|
Frontal lobe personality
|
Damage: depressive pers (apathy, lack of drive, little verbal output, and inability to plan and focus attention)
|
|
GABA
|
Most abundant - Inhibitory (esp in Limbic - controls emot, anx, sleep, seiz).
Low: anx and deficits in motor region assoc with Hunt Chorea (dement and jerky arms and legs) |
|
Gate-control theory
|
Pain impulses blocked by competing impulses
|
|
Glutamate
|
Cog funct, learning and memory
|
|
Hippocampus
|
Limbic: transferring info from short-long term memory
|
|
Huntington's Chorea
|
Inherited degen dx w/ cog decline, affective, bx changes, and movement abnorm (athetosis and chorea)
|
|
Hydrocephalus
|
Excessive CSF in ventricles - congenital or acquired
|
|
Hypertension
|
Elevated BP primary (unknown cause) or secondary (cause known). Primary 85-90%. Cardiovascular disease, heart failre, kidney failure, and stroke
|
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
Oversecretion of thyroxin
Sx: speed up metab, wt loss, irrit, nervous, insomnia |
|
Hypoglycemia
|
Low level of glucose - diabetes, liver disease, insulinoma (pancreatic tumor produce insulin), other dx, certain drug.
Sx: HA, dizzy, sweat, impaired concent, confusion, clumsy, jerky movement, weakness, convusions, loss of consciousness |
|
Hypothalamus
|
Reg homestasis and motiv bx feeding, drinking, sex, aggr, maternal bx
|
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Under-thyroxin
Sx: slowed metab, wt gain, cog impair, depression |
|
"Just noticeable difference" JND
|
Smallest physical diff bw 2 stimuli that is recog as a diff. Diff threshold.
|
|
Korsakoff's Syndrome
|
Memory dx (alcoholics) Thiamine (Vit B) deficiency. LEsions in mammillary bodies (hypothalamus) and thalamus. Retrograde and antergrade amnesia, confab, apathy
|
|
Lateralization of function
|
L-R hemis have diff funct - still share many funct
L - language dominant (word recog, speech, writing), analytical, logical thought, positive emot states R - Visual-spatial skills (spatial interp, face recog, memory for shapes) and neg emot states. |
|
Limbic System
|
Mid-lower brain involved in emot and motiv
Amygdala, septum, and hippocampus |
|
Lithium
|
Mood stabilier for Bipolar
|
|
Long-term potentiation
|
Changes in structure of synapses following high freq stimulation. Hippocampus, esp at Glutamate receptors, and believed to be resp for long-term memory
|
|
MAOIs
|
Antidep - impair enzyme (monoamine oxidase) that degrades NE. Not taken w/ food that contain Tyramine due to hypertensive crisis
|
|
Medulla
|
Hindbrain - mediation of vital autonomic activities - heart rate, BP, respiration
|
|
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
|
CNS stimulant for ADHD. Reduces overactivity and impulsivity and increases attention span.
SE: decreased appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, and growth suppression |
|
Narcotic-analgesics
|
Opiods - sedative and analgesic (cough suppressants and tx diarhhea)
Tol and depend (phys and psych) |
|
Neuroleptic-malignant syndrome
|
Rare SE: rapid, mental, motor, autonomic sx and fatal. Drug discont.
SX: muscle rigid, tachycardia, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, seiz, loss of bladder control |
|
Neurogenesis
|
New brain neurons added in maturity - ID in olfactory system, hippocampus, cortex (prefrontal, inferior, temporal, posterior)
|
|
NTS
|
Chemical released by neuron - excite or inhib.
NE, DA, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, ACh |
|
NE
|
NTS sympathetic NS and involved in reg sleep, eating, pos rein. Dep linked with NE deficiency
|
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Contains visual cortex
Damage: visual object agnosia, color agnosia, word blindness, scotomas (blind spots) |
|
Opiod W/D Syndrome
|
Ab cramps, nausea, vomiting, sweating, tearing eyes, runny nose, diarrhea, weakness, dilated pupils, goose bumps, muscle twitching, aches, pains, anx, insom, increased pulse, increased resp rate, elevated bp.
|
|
Paresthesia
|
Burning, tickling, itching, tingling, pins and needles
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
Somatosensory cortex - sensation of pain, temp, kinesthesia - coord w/ visual and other sensory stimuli.
Damage: Apraxia, contralateral neglect, L-R orientation diffic, inability to recog objects by touch, Gertsmann Syndrome |
|
Parkinson's Disease
|
Degen brain dx - tremor, akathesia, disturb in posture, equilibrium, muscle rigidity, akinesia. Degen of DA containing cells, in substantia nigra,
L-Dopa temp relieve sx |
|
Perserverating
|
Uncontrollable repetition of a certain response - frontal lobe damage
|
|
Prefrontal cortex
|
anterior - divided lateral, orbitofrontal, and medial prefrontal. Planning complex bx, personality expression, moderating correct social bx, short-term memory, episodic memory, prospective memory
|
|
Prosopagnosia
|
Inability to recog familiar faces
|
|
Psychopathic syndrome
|
Damage to frontal lobe - sex disinhib, coarse language, peculiar and facetious humor, inappr social bx, lack of concern for others
|
|
Psychophysical Laws
|
Describe relat bx perception and sensation.
Weber's Law: JND proportional to original stimulus intensity. Fechner's Law: JND psych equal and changes in physical stim related to psych sensations. Steven's power law: rel bw physical and internal sensation, vary for diff stimuli |
|
Rebound effect
|
When med is discont - resurg and magnif of sx, feelings or condition
|
|
Relaxation response
|
Resp to meds or relax techn that decreases sympathetic NS resulting in decreased metab, heart rate, BP, rate of breathing, slower brain waves
|
|
REM sleep
|
Cortical arousal, rapid eye movement, dreaming
|
|
Reticular activating system
|
Maintaining waking state, arousal, and selective attention
|
|
RNA
|
Nucleic acide found within neuron, involved in learning and memory
|
|
Sedative hypnotics
|
CNS depressant - barbituates, anxiolytics (BZD), and alcohol.
Low dose: reduce arousal, motor activity Mod dose: sedation and sleep High: anethesia, coma, death SE: drowsy, ataxia, slurred speech Sudden discont - rebound hyperexcite |
|
Seizures
|
Sudden change in bx by changes in sensory perception or motor activity due to abnormal firing of neurons
Partial: one side of brain/body can spread and generalize Generalized: symmetrical and include absence and tonic-clonic seiz Absence/petit-mal: brief, loss of conscious w/o motor sx Tonic-clonic/grand mal: tonic (muscles contract and body stiffens) clonic (shaking) post seiz depression or confusion with amnesia of seiz |
|
Serotonin
|
Assoc with affective dx, ocd, and scz
Inhibit bx and involved in mood, arousal, hunger, sleep, temp, and pain regulation |
|
Serotonin Syndrome
|
Too much - restless, hal, loss of coord, fast heart beat, rapid changes in BP, increased temp, overactive reflexes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coma death
|
|
Sex Hormones
|
Gonads and pit
Ovaries: estrogen progesterone Testes: androgens (test and androstenedione) Pit: gonadotropic hormone |
|
Sexual dimorphism
|
Consistent diff bw male/female in size or shape - size of corpus callosum, hippocampus, SCN
|
|
5 Sleep stages
|
1. Alpha - relaxed and awake (appear)
2. Theta, bursts 3. Slow delta 4. Delta 5. REM |
|
Somatic NS
|
Control skeletal muscles and related skin receptors
|
|
Spinal Cord
|
Transmits sensory and motor info to and from brain
Damage: paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia, paresis |
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SSRIs
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Increase serotonin, prozac zoloft, fewer se than tca (less ACh and cog sx)
Sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine. Tx: anx, binging purging, chronic pain |
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Stroke
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Neuro impair due to sudden interference of blood flow to brain
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Synethesia
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Rare: creates sensation in another sense - tasting a color
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Tachycardia
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Rapid heart rate - funct or organic
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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Abnormal slow, invol movements, face tongue, jaw
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Temporal Lobe
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Aud cortex, assoc with receptive language, emotion, encoding, storage and retrieval of long-term declarative memory
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Testosterone
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Facilitates copulatory response. male secondary sex charact, affects libido
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Theories of emotion
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James-Lange: autonomic arousal in resp to env stim then interp arousal as emot
Cannon-Bard: env stim thalamus and cortex producing arousal that accomp emot Schachter & Singer: cog attrib to arousal Lazarus: thought precede emot/arousal Facial feedback theory: facial changes cue brain and provide basis for emotion |
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Thalamus
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Central switching station for sensory info (except olfactory) to cortex and for communication bw regions of the brain
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Tricyclics
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Block reuptake of NE and serotonin
Effective for somatic, veg sx SE: drowsy, confusion, wt gain, anticholingeric effects, cardiovascular sx. Tx: anx dx, refractory pain syndromes, reduce binge/purge in bulimia, adhd, nocturnal enuresis (imipramine), narcolepsy (clomimpramine) |
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Vegetative SX
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Dep sx: appetite disturb, sleep disturb, psychomotor retard
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Visual Agnosia
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Inability to recog familial obj by sight
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Wernicke's aphasia
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Damage to Wern area in temporal lobe - diffic in comprehending spoken and written language, anomia or prob recalling words, and fluent speech that is devoid of meaning
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