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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system composed of what?
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Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
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What makes up the CNS?
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Brain composed of what 3 parts?
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1. primitive core - sleeping & breathing
2. limbic system - basic drives (hunger/thirst) and emotions (rage/fear/pleasure) 3. cerebral cortex or cerebrum - higher functions |
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paraplegia
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lower limbs paralyzed
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quadriplegia
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four limbs paralyzed
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hemiplegia
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paralysis in an arm and leg on one side of pody
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paresis
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slight or partial paralysis
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling or burning
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hyperesthesia
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abnormal sensitivity to sensation
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic and Autonomic NS
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Somatic Nervous System
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controls skeletal muscles
voluntary movement info from senses |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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"auto" or involuntary activity i.e. BP, heartbeat.
Autonomic arousal correlated with changes in emotionality Measured by EKG and GS (galvanic skin response) |
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Autonomic Nervous System divided into what?
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Sympathectic - "fight or flight"
Parasympathetic - relaxation, conservation |
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Action potentials of any given neuron are governed by what?
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All-or-None-Law
-action potential is not related to intensity of stimulation, only minimum has to be reached to generate AP -intensity can generate more APs to stimulate more neurons |
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Multiple Sclerosis caused by what?
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Loss of myelin - that which increases the speed of conduction.
Produces muscular weakness, poor coordination, and tremors |
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Acetylcholine's effect on muscles
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*found in junction bt nerve & muscle fibers
*causes muscles to contract *defects cause probs w/voluntary mvmt |
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Neurons that secrete Acetylcholine are called what?
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cholinergic neurons
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Acetylcholine's effect on brain
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*learning and memory (new memories)
*implicated in Alzheimers (loss of ACh) *mediates sexual behavior and REM sleep |
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Name the catecholamines
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Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine
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Parkinson's Disease
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*too little dopamine
*denigration of substantia nigra neurons in midbrain |
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Schizophrenia
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too much dopamine,
also too much norepinephrine |
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depression
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too little norepinephrine
too little serotonin |
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GABA
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*major inhibitory - depresses activity in NS
*too little = anxiety *too little in motor areas of brain = Huntington's Chorea (invol, jerky mvmts) |
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Glutamate
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*major excitatory in CNS
*in hippocampus - memory *too much may be responsible for brain damage from stroke |
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Functions of the Medulla Oblonata
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*basic functions
*breathing, HR, BP, digestion *damage is fatal |
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Functions of the Pons
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*arousal states
*raphe nuclei (uses serotonin) - trigger and maintain slow wave sleep |
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Functions of the Cerebellum
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*balance, coordination, posture
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ataxia
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*slurred speech, severe tremors, loss balance (T=tongue/tremors)
*damage to cerebellum produces this |
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Substantia Nigra
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*movement
*part of extrapyramidal motor system *Parkinson's disease |
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Reticular Formation
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*sleep and arousal
*pain and touch *controls reflexes |
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Reticular Activitating System (RAS)
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*crucial for waking state, arousal and attention
*implicated in ADHD |
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Hypothalamus
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*maintains body homeostasis (i.e. metabolism, temp, fluids)
*motivation beh (i.e. drinking, eating, sex, aggression) *strong feelings into physical responses *contains suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
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*controls circadian rhythms
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Thalamus
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*"central relay station"
*relays sensory info to cortex except olfaction |
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Basal Ganglia
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*voluntary movement
*includes caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen |
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Extrapyramidal motor system
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basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum
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Limbic system
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*emotional component of behavior
*includes amygdala, septum and hippocampus |
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Amygdala
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*emotional significance to info
*mediates aggressive behavior *damage produces lack of emotional response |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
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*lesions in amygdala
*reduced fear and aggression, docile, hypersexual |
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Septum
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*part of limbic system
*inhibits emotionality *damage produces hyper-emotionality and vicious behavior |
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Hyppocampus
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*part of limbic system
*memory consolidation - from short to long term *damage produces severe, permanent anterograde amnesia (no new memories) |
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Damage to hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal lobes produces what?
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*severe, permanent anterograde amnesia (no new memories - think memento)
*retain in short term but can't recall later |
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Frontal Lobe
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*primary motor cortex
*expressive lang *higher-order cognitive processes *orientation to person, place, time |
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apraxia
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*inability to execute purposeful movements, despite normal strength and coordination (AX)
*damage to frontal/parietal lobes |
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Broca's aphasia
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*frontal lobe, left hemisphere, speech production, expressive lang
*speak w/great difficulty ("Broken" english) *aware of deficits |
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Prefrontal cortex
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*executive functions
*lesions disrupt cognition/planning *show decreased initiative, lack self-awareness, concrete |
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"Frontal Lobe Personality"
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depressive syndrome (apathy) or psychopathic syndrome (disinhibition - cussing, hypersexual, inapprop social beh)
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Temporal Lobe
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*receptive language (primary auditory cortex)
*memory and emotion |
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Wernicke's aphasia
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*temporal lobe, left hemisphere, lang comprehension, receptive lang
*receptive or fluent aphasia *nonsense/jibberish speech *dysnomia *unaware of deficits |
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dysnomia
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can't name familiar objects
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Temporal Lobe epilepsy
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personality syndrome: intense emotions, religiosity, social clinging, changes in sexual behavior
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Parietal Lobe
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*primary somatosensory cortex
*touch-pressure, kinesthesia, pain and temp |
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Lesions in parietal lobe produce what?
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*insensitivity to touch on opp side of body
*contralateral disruption of movement *tactile agnosia *impaired spatial orientation and facial recognition *apraxia *contralateral neglect *inability to recognize body parts *agraphia |
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Gertsmann's syndrome
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*patterns of deficits caused by lesions to parietal lobe
*agrahia, acalculia, right-left confusion and finger agnosia |
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Occipital Lobe
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*visual cortex
*destruction in either hemisphere results in contralateral blindness *less extensive damage causes various distortions and visual agnosia |
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left hemisphere (dominant) controls what functions?
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*verbal functions: written/spoken lang
*rational/logical activities *damage results in clinical depression or intense anxiety |
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right hemisphere (non-dominant) controls what functions?
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*visual-spatial activities
*artistic/musical abilities *damage results in apathy and indifference, w/exaggerated but short lived emotional responses |
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Corpus Callosum
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bundle of fibers that enables communication between two hemispheres
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conduction aphasia
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*caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus, fibers connecting Broca's and Wernicke's area
*person's speech makes sense but person cannot repeat what they just heard |
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Freud's belief about emotions
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*universal
*not under conscious control *tied to early experiences |
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James-Lange Theory of emotion
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behavior first then emotion,
*we are afraid because we tremble, sorry because we cry |
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Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
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*behavior (arousal) and emotion happen simultaneously, not cause/effect
*all emotions identical in terms of arousal |
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Cognitive-Arousal Theory of emotion
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*Schachter and Singer
*arousal and cognitive attributaions for arousal |
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Universal emotions: T or F?
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True, agreement on 6 basic emotions: fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise and disgust,
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Which two brain regions are centers for hunger and satiety?
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hypothalamus - lateral and ventromedial
LH - failure to eat/drink, "Little Hunger" VMH - overeating, "Very Much Hunger" |
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Research findings on external cues and obesity?
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*obese are less responsive to internal, biological hunger cue and more responsive to external cues
*stress eating |
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What effect does lutenizing hormone (LH) have on body?
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*from pituitary & hypothalamus
*gonads (testes/ovaries) produce angdrogens and estrogen |
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What effect does Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) have on body?
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*from pituitary & hypothalamus
*causes production of sperm and release egg |
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Androgens
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*primarily male but found in female
*testosterone *cause dev of 2' sex chara in males *sex inerest in both males and females |
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Estrogens
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*found in male and females, male function unknown
*females: sex dev and repod functioning *less of role in sex behavior - experience more of role |
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Effect of spinal cord injury on sexual functioning
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*ejaculation affected, less on erection or interest
*less effect on females |
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Stages of sleep
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5 stages, 4 Non-REM, 5th REM
1-transitional, alpha into slower theta 2-theta, "sleep spindles", K-complexes (bursts faster/higher waves) 3-delta appear 4-predominantely delta (stages 3&4=delta/deep sleep) 5-REM, aroused nervous system w/low responsivity to environ |
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alpha waves
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relaxed wakefulness
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beta waves
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active, alert states - faster
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Sleep cycle
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*100 minutes, 4-6x night
*REM increases thru nite *delta/deep sleep decreases thru nite |
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Memory: temporal lobe vs. hippocampus
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temporal lobe - long-term memory
hippocampus - consolidation |
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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*memory disorder in alcoholics
*lesions in mammillary bodies (hypothalamus) and thalamus *retro/antero amnesia, confabulation, apathy |
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Long-term potentiation
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*responsible for long-term memory
*changes in synaptic structrue following high stim of neurons *in hippocampal cells |
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RNA
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*RiboNucleic acid
*stimulates memory and learning *training/experiences increases RNA |
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Endocrine system
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*controlled by hypothalamus
*comprised of glands that secrete hormones to influence organ functioning *pituitary, adrenal, gonads, thyroid, pancras |
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Pituitary gland
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*"master gland"
*secretes growth hormone/somatotropic hormone *and antidiuretic hormone |
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Adrenal Cortex
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*secretes cortisol
*stimulates liver to convert energy into glucose for fuel *cortisol released by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Addison's Disease
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*under-secretion of ACTH in adrenal cortex
*fatigue, fainting, loss appetite, weight loss, depression, apathy |
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Cushing's Disease
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*over-secretion of ACTH in adrenal cortex
*obesity, memory loss, mood swings, depression, somatic delusions |
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Thyroid gland
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*hormone thyroxin
*controls metabolism |
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Hypo-thyroidism
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under-secretion of thyroxin
slows metab, weight gain, decreased sex drive, depression w/cognitive impairment |
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Hyper-thyroidism
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over-secretion of thyroxin
*a.k.a. Grave's Disease *increase metab, appetite, weight loss, nervousness, insomnia, fatigue |
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Pancreas
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*releases insulin
*diabetes and hypoglycemia |
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Anatomy of Eye
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1. Cornea - cover
2. Pupil (Iris) - dialation 3. Lens - focuses light waves on retina 4. Retina - receptors of visual system |
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Rods and Cones - compare/contrast
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Rods - brightness, esp. at night, periphery of retina
Cones - color, center of retina |
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Travel of visual signals
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1. optic tract
2. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 3. visual cortex in occipital lobe |
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describe variations of sound waves
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1. frequency (pitch) or Hertz
2. amplitude (loudness) or decibels 3. overtones (timbre) |
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auditory localization
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*ability to orient toward the direction of a sound
*present at birth, declines, then re-emerges, full dev at 1 year |
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Gate-control theory of pain
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*activation of larger fibers "closes gate"
*activities include massage, heat/cold, distracting mental activities |
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what makes olfaction different from other senses?
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*directly to limbic system, not relayed through thalamus or cross hemispheric
*considered most primitive of senses or "lowest on phylogenetic scale" |
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absolute threshold
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Fechner - psychophysics
*weakest stim a person can detect *intensity at which stim is detected 50% of time |
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difference threshold, "just noticeable difference"
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Fechner - psychophysics
*smallest physical diff between two stim recognized as difference *vary depending on magnitude of original stim |
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structural brain imaging techniques
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*info about structure of brain
*CT scan (xrays, "slices") *MRI (more precise, not xray) |
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functional brain imaging techniques
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*info both structure and function
*PET (inject radioactive material) - map NTs and dys due to conditions *SPECT and fMRI |
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Dysarthria vs. Aphasia
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*Dysarthria is problem in articulation, common in Parkinson's, Huntington's and MS
*Aphasia is language disturbance |
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Alexia vs Dyslexia
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*Alexia - word blindness caused by acquired brain lesion
*Dyslexia - learning disability (not lesion) |
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Prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize familiar faces (use "soap" to wash face)
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Anosognosia
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*inability or unwillingness to recognize one's own functional impairment, and sometimes other's impairment
*often in stroke patients in right parietal cortex |
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anosognosia vs. contralateral neglect
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*contralateral neglect are inattentive to EVERYTHING in oppositive field of vision vs. only functional defects
*contralateral neglect will acknowledge if attention directed to it vs. anosognosia px continue to deny |
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symptoms of brain tumor
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1. headaches
2. seizures 3. nausea/vomiting 4. change vision/hearing 5. focal neurological signs |
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differences in locale of brain tumor, child vs. adult
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child - brainstem and cerebellum
adult - cerebral cortex |
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results of stroke
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*50% die immed or w/i months
*only 10% fully recover *greatest improvement occurs in 1st 6 months *physical symptoms improve quicker than cognitive symptoms. |
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Most common cause of brain damage in people under 40?
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Head trauma
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best predictor of degree of injury and recovery following closed head trauma?
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*duration of anterograde amnesia
*most recovery occurs w/i 6-9 months |
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postconcussional disorder - proposed DSM-IV for further study
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*presence of sig concussion following head trauma (LOC) and
3+ symptoms for at least 3 mos following (i.e. fatigue, headaches, irritability) |
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Huntington's chorea
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*affective, personality, motor and cognitive changes/deterioriation
*genetically trans to 1/2 offspring *athetosis - slow writhing mvmts *chorea - invol, jerky mvmts *substantia nigra, basal ganglia, cortex *glutamate, ACh, GABA, dopamine |
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Parkinson's disease
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*tremor at rest
*muscle rigidity *invol mvmts *equilibrium disturbances *akinesia - slowness mvmt, blank exp, emotionless speech *40% comorbid depression *substantia nigra *too little dopamine |
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Name the 3 classes of antidepressants
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1. tricyclics
2. SSRIs 3. MAOIs |
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MOA of tricyclics
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block reuptake of norepi and serotonin
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tricyclics most effective at tx what?
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1. vegetative symtpoms of depression
2. panic attacks, agoraphobia and obsessive states |
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side effects of tricyclics
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-anticholinergic effects (dry up)
-cardiovascular effects -gastrointestinal |
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cautions of tricyclics
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-OD can be lethal (cardiac arrest)
-combo w/MAOI causes severe convulsions -caution w/suicidal px |
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Examples of tricyclics
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imipramine (Tofranil)
clomipramine (Anafranil) - OCD amitriptyline (Elavil) |
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MOA of SSRIs
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inhibit reuptake of serotonin
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SSRIs prescribed for what?
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depression
OCD ED |
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side effects if SSRIs
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-gastrointestional
-akathesia -initally worsen anxiety/sleep (not cardiotoxic, no OD threat, no antichol, no cognitive imp, faster acting) |
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akathesia
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motor restlessness
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Examples of SSRIs
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Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertaline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) |
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MOA of MAOIs
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bloc enzymes that breakdown norepi and serotonin
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MAOIs recommended for what?
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atypical depression w/anxiety
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side effects of MAOIs
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-fatal hypertensive crisis w/tyramine!!
-OD can be fatal (suicide risk) |
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Examples of MAOIs
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phenelzine (Nardil)
tranylcypromine (Parnate) |
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Name mood stabilizers/anti-convulsant drugs
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Lithium - tx if choice for bipolar
carbamazepine (Tegretol) - as effective as Lithium in mania esp. dysphoric and rapid cycling mania, faster onset than Lithium valproic acid (Depakote) - fewer SE |
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Side effects of lithium
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-gastric distress, weight gain, fatigue, mild cog imp
-35% tremor in fingers -lithium toxicity |
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MOA of antipsychotics (neuroleptics)
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block dopmine receptors
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Examples of antipsychotics (neuroleptics)
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chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
thioridazine (Mellaril) haloperidol (Haldol) clozapine (Clozaril) - less SE, more NTs |
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antipsychotics (neuroleptics) prescribed for?
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-schizophrenia: positive symptoms
-acute mania, psychotic symptoms |
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dopamine hypothesis
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schizophrenia relaed to overactivity of dopamine (Parkinson's too little), experts now believe more complex and involve other NT like norepi and serotonin
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side effects of antipsychotics (neuroleptics)
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anticholinergic
extrapyramidal: Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia (abnormal invol mvmts esp in face) |
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tardive dyskinesia
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-abnormal invol mvmts esp in face
-delayed effect of antipsychotic use -relieved somewhat w/withdrawal |
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What is special about clozapine (Clozaril)?
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-newer "atypical" antipsychotic
-less SE (no tardive dys or exrapyram) -lowers activity of multiple NT -agranulocytosis (low white blood cells) |
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MOA of benzodiazepines
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increase GABA activity which inhibits CNS
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SE of benzos
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-drowsiness and sedation
-anterorgade amnesia (esp w/IV) -elderly - confusion and disorient -addictive -fatal if mixed w/alcohol or other CNS depressant |
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MOA and examples of barbiturates
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interrupt impulses to RAS
thiopental (Pentothal) amobarbital (Amytal) secobarbital (Seconal) |
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barbituates tx for what?
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-replaced by benzos for anxiety
-anesthetic, acute mgmt of agitated px |
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SE of barbituates
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-addictive (fatal withdrawal)
-drug-of-choice for suicide -suppress respiration -esp. lethal w/alcohol |
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Beta-blockers as tx for what?
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performance related anxiety
(reduces sympathetic NS activity) |
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benzos vs. beta-blockers?
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-beta blockers less effective in tx cognitive/psychic experience of anxiety but moe effective in physical
-beta blockers more likely cause memory impairment |
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MOA of psychostimulants
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mimic catecholamines (norepi and dopamine) in brain
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MOA of narcotic-analgesics
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block transmission of neural impulses to CNS
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narcotic-analgesics tx for what?
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pre-operative meds, acute pain, chronic pain w/cancer, detox
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Methadone used for what?
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in detoxification programs as substitute for heroin, milder withdrawal
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biofeedback to treat anxiety targets what part of nervous system?
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parasympathetic of autonomic NS - relaxation and recuperation
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