Neuropsych & Psychopharm

Front 1

The nervous system consists of the ________, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the ________, which includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Back 1

Central nervous system (CNS); peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 2

Regarding the PNS, the ________ controls the actions of skeletal muscles, is responsible for voluntary movement, and responds to signals from the 5 senses; the ________ regulates involuntary activity (e.g., heartbeat, breathing) and has 2 subdivisions- the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Back 2

Somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system

Front 3

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body's resources and prepares for "fight or flight," while the ________ system
deactivates the once active
organs and is active during
relaxation.

Back 3

Sympathetic;
parasympathetic

Front 4

This part of the CNS is responsible for carrying information between the brain and the PNS.

Back 4

Spinal cord

Front 5

These are the information processing units of the nervous system and are made of 3 primary parts: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.

Back 5

Neurons

Front 6

________ are short fibers at the end of a cell body that respond to stimulation from other neurons and carry this information toward the cell body, while the ________ is a single fiber that carries information away from the cell body.

Back 6

Dendrites;
axon

Front 7

The electrochemical process by which information is received and processed within a neuron, whereby a cell becomes electrically excited, "fires," and creates a nerve impulse called an action potential is referred to as what?

Back 7

Conduction

Front 8

The fact that, in any given neuron, the action potential is the same magnitude every time it occurs is referred to as the ________; basically, once the minimal threshold of electrical stimulation is reached, a neuron fires.

Back 8

All-Or-None Law

Front 9

True or False: Stronger electrical stimulation generates more action potentials in a neuron and causes them to occur in a greater number of neurons?

Back 9

True- though size and speed of an action potential are NOT related to stimulation intensity

Front 10

What 2 factors have an affect on the speed of conduction?

Back 10

Diameter of the axon and myelin sheath

Front 11

What is the small space that separates individual neurons called?

Back 11

Synapse (or synaptic cleft)

Front 12

This term means "partial paralysis" and is characterized by muscle weakness without full paralysis; one cause is less severe damage to the spinal cord.

Back 12

Paresis

Front 13

________ is when one half of a person's body is paralyzed, ________ is when a person experiences loss of use of all limbs, and ________ is when the lower extremities of a person's body is paralyzed.

Back 13

Hemiplegia;
quadriplegia;
paraplegia

Front 14

What term refers to the process whereby terminal buttons take up and store excess neurotransmitters for future use?

Back 14

Reuptake

Front 15

The breaking down of unused neurotransmitters into inactive metabolites that are eventually removed as waste is called what?

Back 15

Enzymatic degradation

Front 16

Neurotransmitters that have an ________ effect on post-synaptic cells increase the likelihood that an action potential will occur, while those with an ________ effect decrease the chances of an action potential occurring.

Back 16

Excitatory;
inhibitory

Front 17

This neurotransmitter causes muscles to contract and is associated with impairments in voluntary movement; in the brain it is involved in learning/memory, with depletion of its receptors in the cortex and hippocampus occurring in Alzheimer's disease.

Back 17

Acetylcholine
(ACh)

Front 18

What are neurons that secrete acetylcholine called?

Back 18

Cholinergic neurons

Front 19

What 3 neurotransmitters are grouped into the class referred to as catecholamines?

Back 19

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine

Front 20

Depleted levels of ________ and _______ at brain synapses is associate with some types of depression, while excessive levels are associated with ________.

Back 20

Depleted levels of ________ and ________ at brain synapses is associate with some types of depression, while excessive levels are associated with ________.

Front 21

With respect to movement, excess dopamine or an increased sensitivity to dopamine receptors is related to ________, while degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons is linked to the ________.

Back 21

Tourette's syndrome;
Parkinson's disease

Front 22

A lack of this neurotransmitter is linked to depression, OCD, PTSD, and aggression, while high levels play a role in schizophrenia, anorexia, and autism.

Back 22

Serotonin

Front 23

The most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, low levels of ________ are associated with anxiety and Parkinson's disease, while deficits in the brains motor regions is associated with dementia and involuntary jerking of the arms and legs.

Back 23

Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

Front 24

What primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is associated with learning, memory, and long-term potentiation (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)?

Back 24

Glutamate

Front 25

These neuromodulaters bind to opiate receptor sites, reducing activity in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, thereby inhibiting feelings of pain and increasing feelings of pleasure.

Back 25

Endorphins (endogenous morphine)

Front 26

This area of the brain consists of the brain stem and the cerebellum.

Back 26

Hindbrain

Front 27

What 2 parts of the brain are contained in the brain stem?

Back 27

Medulla Oblongota and Pons

Front 28

The ________ contains vital centers that control digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing; damage to it often leads to death.

Back 28

Medulla Oblongota

Front 29

Lying directly above the medulla and connecting the 2 sides of the cerebellum, the ________ helps in the regulation of arousal states.

Back 29

Pons

Front 30

What brain structure, sitting on top of the medulla and pons, is responsible for maintaining balance, coordinating movements, and controlling posture?

Back 30

Cerebellum

Front 31

This condition occurs with damage to the cerebellum and is characterized by slurred speech, severe tremors, and loss of balance.

Back 31

Ataxia

Front 32

This area of the brain contains the substantia nigra and reticular formation; all information passing between the brain and the spinal cord passes through it.

Back 32

Midbrain (aka mesencephalon)

Front 33

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of neurons in this brain structure.

Back 33

Substantia Nigra

Front 34

What brain structure plays a role in respiration and reflex control, pain and touch sensations, and sleep and arousal?

Back 34

Reticular Formation

Front 35

The ________ is crucial for maintaining a waking state, arousal, and attention; neurons from it arouse the brain and facilitate information reception by appropriate neural structures.

Back 35

Reticular Activating System

Front 36

This area of the brain contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.

Back 36

Forebrain

Front 37

The ________ is responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis (temperature, fluid levels, metabolism, etc) and also plays a role in intentional behaviors such as feeding, sex, aggression, and maternal behavior.

Back 37

Hypothalamus
(remember 4 F's: Fight, Flight, Feed, Fornicate)

Front 38

What brain structure relays incoming sensory information to the cortex for all senses but olfaction, is involved in language, memory, and motor activity, and regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness?

Back 38

Thalamus

Front 39

The ________ code and relay information related to control of voluntary movement, sensorimotor learning, and motoric expressions of emotion; abnormalities in it are linked with Tourette's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, depression, mania, OCD, and psychosis.

Back 39

Basal Ganglia

Front 40

This consists of a group of brain structures (amygdala, septum,
hippocampus) that work together to mediate the emotional component of behavior.

Back 40

Limbic System

Front 41

This limbic system structure plays a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions and mediates defensive/aggressive behavior; lesions in it produce Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.

Back 41

Amygdala

Front 42

The ________ serves to inhibit emotionality; in rats, lesions produce hyper-emotionality and rage, while electrical stimulation is extremely pleasurable.

Back 42

Septum

Front 43

This limbic system structure is involved in learning and memory, particularly transferring new information from short-term to long-term memory; damage to this area can cause anterograde amnesia.

Back 43

Hippocampus

Front 44

This is the last part of the brain to stop growing and undergoes more structural change following birth than any other part of the central nervous system.

Back 44

Cerebral cortex

Front 45

What term refers to the fact that the left hemisphere of the brain controls functions on the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls functions on the left side of the body?

Back 45

Contralateral representation

Front 46

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Back 46

Frontal,
parietal,
occipital, and
temporal

Front 47

The ________ is involved in motor behavior, executive functions, expressive language, and orientation to person, place, and time; it consists of the primary motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortex.

Back 47

The frontal lobe

Front 48

Damage to a specific area of the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe can produce ________, which is characterized by a severe deficiency in expressive language (e.g., speech is slow and poorly articulated, very few words are used).

Back 48

Broca's aphasia (aka expressive aphasia)

Front 49

Damage to this area of the frontal lobe usually results in decreased motivation, difficulty making decisions, deficient self-awareness, poor social control, and perseveration.

Back 49

Prefrontal cortex

Front 50

What lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex and is associated with memory, emotion, and receptive language?

Back 50

The temporal lobe

Front 51

Caused by damage to particular area of the temporal lobe, ________ is characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension; speech is usually normal sounding but does not make sense and familiar objects are unable to be named (dysnomia).

Back 51

Wernicke's aphasia (aka fluent or receptive aphasia)

Front 52

This lobe of the brain integrates sensory information from different modalities, particularly determining spatial sense and navigation.

Back 52

The parietal lobe

Front 53

Parietal lobe damage can lead to _______, or the inability to identify objects by touch, _______, or the inability to make intentional movement despite normal motor function, and/or ________, or the inability to read/write.

Back 53

Agnosia;
apraxia;
agraphia

Front 54

This part of the brain contains the visual cortex; damage can lead to ________, or the inability to recognize familiar objects by sight.

Back 54

The occipital lobe; visual agnosia

Front 55

What term is used to describe the fact that some higher level cortical functions are controlled more by either the left or right hemisphere of the brain?

Back 55

Lateralization of function

Front 56

The ________ is a bundle of fibers that enable communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Back 56

Corpus callosum

Front 57

In general, the ________ hemisphere is associated with creativity, understanding spatial relations, emotional expression, and facial recognition while the ________ hemisphere is involved with analytical thinking, logic, and language (written and spoken).

Back 57

Right; Left

Front 58

What theory of emotion posits that emotions occur as the result of one's perception of physiological changes occurring in response to environmental stimuli (e.g., "I am trembling so I must be afraid," "I am crying so I must be sad")?

Back 58

James-Lange Theory

Front 59

The ________ theory of emotion suggests emotions and physiological changes (e.g., muscle tension, sweating) are experienced simultaneously; it is predicted that the thalamus and cortex are stimulated at the same time, producing simultaneous arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and emotional feeling.

Back 59

Cannon-Bard Theory

Front 60

This theory of emotion, based on research by Schachter and Singer, posits that most emotional states produce similar physical sensations, while the specific emotion experienced is a product of one's attribution for the cause of those sensations.

Back 60

Cognitive-Arousal Theory (aka Two-Factor Theory)

Front 61

What are the 6 "basic emotions" accepted as being universally experienced by all humans?

Back 61

Fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise, and disgust

Front 62

The ________, proposed by Schachter, Stunkard, and Rodin, suggests that obese people overeat because they are inherently more sensitive to certain external cues than internal cues (e.g., eat because food tastes good despite satiety).

Back 62

Externality hypothesis

Front 63

Regarding human sexual behavior, what are the 2 primary sources of sex hormone?

Back 63

Pituitary gland and gonads (ovaries/testes)

Front 64

Of the 2 hormones produced by the gonads, ________, which include testosterone, are involved in sexual interest and cause the development of secondary sex characteristics in males; _______ and ________ are found primarily in women and are necessary for healthy reproductive function.

Back 64

Androgens;
estrogens;
progesterone

Front 65

What occurs in women as a result of a drop in estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone and is characterized by hot flashes, insomnia, mood swings, urinary incontinence, and vaginal changes?

Back 65

Menopause

Front 66

Research has shown that low desire for sex in women seems to be correlated more with a lack of ________ rather than ________.

Back 66

Androgens;
estrogens

Front 67

In terms of sexual function, a man who is paralyzed from the waist down would most likely be able to what?

Back 67

Attain an erection but not ejaculate

Front 68

During periods of relaxed wakefulness, ________ waves are typically found on an EEG, while ________ waves are more predominant during active, alert states.

Back 68

Alpha; beta

Front 69

During this period of sleep, paradoxically, EEG activity is typical of an aroused nervous system, while the person's responsiveness to the environment is very low.

Back 69

REM (rapid eye movement)

Front 70

True or False: Dreaming only occurs during REM sleep?

Back 70

False- research suggests that dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep, though REM dreams are more vivid, emotionally-laden, and more likely to be remembered

Front 71

As people age, the total amount of sleep time ________ and the proportion of non-REM to REM sleep ________.

Back 71

Decreases;
increases

Front 72

This term refers to the strengthening of the connection between 2 nerve cells in the hippocampus that lasts for an extended period of time; it is commonly regarded as the cellular basis of memory.

Back 72

Long-term potentiation

Front 73

True or False: Research has suggested that RNA may play a role in memory?

Back 73

True- untrained organisms injected with RNA from trained organisms learned conditioned responses more quickly than control organisms

Front 74

What bodily system is made up of ductless, hormone secreting glands that travel through the blood to influence organ
function?

Back 74

The endocrine system

Front 75

Referred to as the "master gland," the ________ secretes hormones that act directly on organs (e.g., growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone) as well as hormones that influence the secretions of other glands.

Back 75

Pituitary gland

Front 76

What hormone stimulates growth by acting on the epiphyseal plates at the ends of bones and, when over-secreted or under-secreted, can lead to giantism or dwarfism, respectively?

Back 76

Growth hormone (aka somatotropic hormone)

Front 77

When necessary bodily fluids are low, this hormone inhibits urination; diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss) is the result of under-secretion of this hormone.

Back 77

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 78

The pituitary gland releases ________ hormone, influencing the release of ________, which stimulates the liver to convert energy stores into glucose.

Back 78

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH); cortisol

Front 79

Under-secretion of ACTH causes ________, which is characterized by fatigue, appetite loss, depression, and fainting spells; over-secretion leads to ________, which is characterized by obesity, memory loss, depression, mood swings, and somatic delusions.

Back 79

Addison's Disease;
Cushing's Disease

Front 80

What is true about a person's cortisol levels throughout a single day?

Back 80

They typically peak early in the day and fall in the evening

Front 81

What gland controls metabolism through its release of the hormone thyroxin?

Back 81

Thyroid gland

Front 82

________ involves slowed metabolism, reduced appetite, weight gain, decreased heart rate and body temp, low libido, depression, and impaired cognitive processes (e.g., concentration, memory); symptoms of ________ include high body temp, increased metabolism, increased appetite, weight loss, nervousness, agitation, fatigue, insomnia, mania, and decreased capacity for attention.

Back 82

Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease)

Front 83

The pancreas releases ________, which functions to help the body absorb and make use of glucose and amino acids; the body's inability to produce it causes ________, while over-production leads to ________.

Back 83

Insulin; diabetes mellitus; hypoglycemia

Front 84

Of the 2 kinds of receptors in the eye, ________ are sensitive only to brightness levels and are specifically adapted to sense stimuli in low levels of light, while ________ are responsible for seeing color and function only in brighter environments.

Back 84

Rods;
cones

Front 85

True or False: Information seen with the right eye travels only to the left hemisphere of the brain, and vice versa?

Back 85

False- It travels to both hemispheres, as both eyes receive info from the left and right visual field; however, information from one visual field is transmitted only to the opposite hemisphere

Front 86

The ability to orient oneself toward the direction of a sound, indicated by the turning of one's head toward the sound, is referred to as what?

Back 86

Auditory localization

Front 87

True or False: Depressive disorders and alcohol dependence are more common in the first-degree relatives of people with chronic pain?

Back 87

True- this suggests an environmental or genetic predisposition for developing pain

Front 88

According to this theory of pain, activation of nerves that do not transmit pain signals can interfere with signals from pain fibers and inhibit one's perception of pain (e.g., massaging sore muscles = afferent, engaging in distracting mental activities = efferent).

Back 88

Gate-Control Theory

Front 89

What sense is considered the most primitive (phylogenetically lowest) due to the fact that information received by it is not relayed from the thalamus to the cortex, but runs directly to the limbic system?

Back 89

Smell (olfaction)

Front 90

This term refers to the study of the relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations (subjective correlates; percepts).

Back 90

Psychophysics

Front 91

What gland controls metabolism through its release of the hormone thyroxin?

Back 91

Thyroid gland

Front 92

________ involves slowed metabolism, reduced appetite, weight gain, decreased heart rate and body temp, low libido, depression, and impaired cognitive processes (e.g., concentration, memory); symptoms of ________ include high body temp, increased metabolism, increased appetite, weight loss, nervousness, agitation, fatigue, insomnia, mania, and decreased capacity for attention.

Back 92

Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease)

Front 93

The pancreas releases ________, which functions to help the body absorb and make use of glucose and amino acids; the body's inability to produce it causes ________, while over-production leads to ________.

Back 93

Insulin; diabetes mellitus; hypoglycemia

Front 94

Of the 2 kinds of receptors in the eye, ________ are sensitive only to brightness levels and are specifically adapted to sense stimuli in low levels of light, while ________ are responsible for seeing color and function only in brighter environments.

Back 94

Rods;
cones

Front 95

True or False: Information seen with the right eye travels only to the left hemisphere of the brain, and vice versa?

Back 95

False- It travels to both hemispheres, as both eyes receive info from the left and right visual field; however, information from one visual field is transmitted only to the opposite hemisphere

Front 96

The ability to orient oneself toward the direction of a sound, indicated by the turning of one's head toward the sound, is referred to as what?

Back 96

Auditory localization

Front 97

True or False: Depressive disorders and alcohol dependence are more common in the first-degree relatives of people with chronic pain?

Back 97

True- this suggests an environmental or genetic predisposition for developing pain

Front 98

According to this theory of pain, activation of nerves that do not transmit pain signals can interfere with signals from pain fibers and inhibit one's perception of pain (e.g., massaging sore muscles = afferent, engaging in distracting mental activities = efferent).

Back 98

Gate-Control Theory

Front 99

What sense is considered the most primitive (phylogenetically lowest) due to the fact that information received by it is not relayed from the thalamus to the cortex, but runs directly to the limbic system?

Back 99

Smell (olfaction)

Front 100

This term refers to the study of the relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations (subjective correlates; percepts).

Back 100

Psychophysics

Front 101

According to psychophysics, the level of intensity of a stimulus at which a subject is able to detect the presence of the stimulus some proportion (usually 50%) of the time (e.g., the softest a sound can be and still be heard) is referred to as what?

Back 101

Absolute threshold (aka detection threshold)

Front 102

What psychophysics term refers to the magnitude of the difference between 2 stimuli of differing intensities that a subject is able to detect some proportion (usually 50%) of the time (e.g., differences in small changes in weight of an item)?

Back 102

Difference threshold (aka just noticeable difference)

Front 103

While Fechner's law of psychophysics states that changes in the magnitude of a physical stimulus are logarithmically related to changes in physical sensations, Stevens' ________ proposes there is an exponential relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and internal sensations, with the exponent varying for different types of stimuli.

Back 103

Power law

Front 104

________ brain imaging techniques include Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which take a series of images at different levels of the brain providing direct visualization of structures and features.

Back 104

Structural

Front 105

Regarding structural brain imaging techniques, ________ measures density of brain tissue and is helpful in identifying tumors, blood clots, tissue damage, and multiple sclerosis, while ________
provides 3D images with more precise
detail, does not require the use of x-rays,
and is useful in examining the central
nervous system.

Back 105

CT scan;
MRI

Front 106

What types of brain imaging techniques include Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Back 106

Functional techniques

Front 107

This functional brain imaging technique uses small amounts of injected radioactive material to measure regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, or oxygen consumption; it is useful for identifying brain dysfunction due to stroke, epilepsy, tumor, and other conditions.

Back 107

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Front 108

Regarding focal brain syndromes, ________ refers to impaired ability to produce or comprehend written or spoken language, ________ refers to impaired reading abilities, ________ involves impaired ability to execute learned purposeful movements, ________ is the inability to recognize familiar objects in the absence of a primary sensory system disturbance, and ________ is the inability (or unwillingness) to acknowledge one's own functional impairment.

Back 108

Aphasia;
alexia;
apraxia;
agnosia;
anosognosia

Front 109

Often mistaken for aphasia, what condition involves problems in articulation due to lesions or disease that disrupt the control of speech (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and multiple sclerosis)?

Back 109

Dysarthria

Front 110

A person with ________ apraxia cannot respond to commands requiring particular movement (e.g., pick up a fork) but may be able to do so spontaneously, while those with ________ apraxia cannot draw or copy simple figures or arrange blocks in a pattern.

Back 110

Ideomotor;
constructional

Front 111

A person with this type of visual agnosia is unable to recognize objects by sight but can identify them by touch.

Back 111

Aperceptive agnosia

Front 112

A person who is unable to recognize familiar faces, though maintains the capacity to recognize other objects, and can identify others by the sound of their voice, style of dress, or other characteristics likely has this type of agnosia.

Back 112

Prosopagnosia

Front 113

A person who begins experiencing dull headaches, seizures, nausea and projectile vomiting, changes in vision and hearing, and/or other focal neurological signs (e.g., localized sensory loss, paresthesias, ataxia) is exhibiting symptoms of what?

Back 113

Brain tumor

Front 114

What occurs when blood flow to the brain experiences a severe, sudden interference, such as by a blood clot (embolism) or hemorrhage, which leads to the onset of neurological
symptoms?

Back 114

Stroke (aka cerebrovascular accident, or CVA)

Front 115

True or False: Symptoms caused by an open head injury (e.g., gun shot wound) tend to resolve more rapidly than problems caused by a closed head injury (e.g., severe car accident)?

Back 115

True- open head injuries are usually focal, affecting a specific part of the brain, while closed head injuries are more diffuse and lead to widespread damage

Front 116

What is the best overall predictor of prognosis following a closed head injury?

Back 116

Duration of anterograde (posttraumatic) amnesia

Front 117

This neurodegenerative genetic disorder is characterized by affective and personality changes, forgetfulness, and most prominently, motor symptoms such as incoordination, clumsiness, and eventually involuntary jerky movements.

Back 117

Huntington's Chorea (chorea = involuntary writhing movements)

Front 118

What motor disorder is characterized by muscle rigidity, tremor, involuntary movements, akinesia (slowed movement, emotionless speech, blank facial expression), posture and equilibrium disturbances, and often depression?

Back 118

Parkinson's Disease

Front 119

What type of antidepressants work by blocking norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake at the synapse, and are used not only to treat depression, but panic attacks, OCD, bulimia, chronic pain, and agoraphobia?

Back 119

Tricyclics (e.g., imipramine [Tofranil], clomipramine [Anafranil], amitriptyline [Elavil])

Front 120

Commonly used to treat depression, OCD, panic disorder, binge eating, and other anxiety disorders, ________ work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, thereby increasing the availability at the synapse.

Back 120

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine [Prozac], sertraline [Zoloft], paroxetine [Paxil])

Front 121

Use of an SSRI causes some people to experience unpleasant sensations of inner restlessness that manifests itself as an inability to remain still. This is referred to as what?

Back 121

Akathesia

Front 122

Usually used to treat atypical symptoms of depression, ________ block the action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby making them more available at synapses.

Back 122

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine [Nardil], tranylcypromine [Parnate])

Front 123

The most popular medication used to treat bipolar, ________ is believed to work by reducing postsynaptic responsivity to dopamine and norepinephrine.

Back 123

Lithium

Front 124

What is one of the most common side effects of lithium?

Back 124

Fine hand tremor

Front 125

The notion that schizophrenia is the result of overactivity of dopamine is referred to as what?

Back 125

The dopamine hypothesis

Front 126

________ antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol) are most useful at alleviating positive symptoms of psychosis, whereas ________ antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone) effectively alleviate both positive and negative symptoms.

Back 126

Traditional;
atypical

Front 127

One of the most serious side effects of traditional antipsychotics, this condition is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements, including lip smacking, grimacing, puckering lips, and rapid eye blinking.

Back 127

Tardive dyskinesia

Front 128

True of False: Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can be expected to immediately diminish as a person is gradually withdrawn from taking the drug?

Back 128

False- usually symptoms temporarily increase before decreasing

Front 129

What class of drugs are the most commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders, are addictive when improperly used, and work by enhancing the activity of GABA, a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system?

Back 129

Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam [Valium], alprazolam [Xanax], clonazepam [Klonopin])

Front 130

This drug is commonly used to treat anxiety and works by interrupting impulses to the reticular activating system; it is rarely prescribed anymore due to its addictiveness and the effectiveness of safer benzodiazepines.

Back 130

Barbiturates (e.g., thiopental [Pentothal], amobarbital [Amytal])

Front 131

Typically used to treat anxiety disorders, ________ differs from benzodiazepines and other anxiolytics in that it does not produce sedative, anticonvulsant, or muscle relaxant side effects, nor does it appear to be addictive.

Back 131

Buspirone
(BuSpar)

Front 132

A person presenting with symptoms of severe anxiety about public speaking might be prescribed what type of drug, which is good at treating the physical symptoms of anxiety and traditionally used to treat hypertension, migraine, essential tremor, and cardiac arrhythmias?

Back 132

Beta-Blocker (e.g., propranolol [Inderal])

Front 133

Often used to treat ADHD, ________ is a psychostimulant that decreases motor activity, diminishes impulsivity, and increases concentration and attention.

Back 133

Methylphenidate
(Ritalin)

Front 134

True or False: A person prescribed Ritalin to treat ADHD is encouraged to take the drug continuously for the best effects?

Back 134

False- psychostimulants can lead to growth suppression in youngsters, thus many doctors recommend "drug holidays"