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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Palmer Chiropractic Philosophy
1. |
Life is intelligent
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Palmer Chiropractic Philosophy
2. |
human body possesses inherent potential to maintain itself in a natural state of homeostasis through its innate/inborn intelligence.
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Palmer Chiropractic Philosophy
3. |
The science of chiropractic emphasizes the relationship between structures, primarily of the spinal column and the nervous system and how the relationship affects function and health.
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Hierarchy of Structure and Function:
What is the smallest level of organization? |
The atom
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Hierarchy of Structure and Function
Describe the way atoms come together to eventually for a cell |
atoms make up molecules, molecules make up macromolecules. These make up tiny organelles which make up cells.
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How many cells in the human body
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100 trillion
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What is the next level of structural and functional organization in the human body after cells?
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Tissue
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What is tissue?
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Different types of cells with the same intercellular substance.
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What is the next level of structural and functional organization in the human body after tissue?
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Organs
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What is an organ composed of?
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Two or more different types of tissue. Organs have a definite shape and function.
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What is the next level of structural and functional organization in the human body after organ?
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System
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What is a system composed of?
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Different organs having a common function make up a system. Example: digestive system, respiratory system..
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What is the next level of structural and functional organization in the human body after organ system?
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The entire body
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What four primary classes of tissue is the human body composed of?
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Nervous, Muscular, Connective, Epithelial
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How many neurons are in the nervous system?
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1 trillion
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How many neurons in the brain alone?
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100 billion.. same number of stars in the galaxy.
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What is the language of neurons?
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Action potential/nerve impulse
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What are the functions of neurons?
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Generate action potential, conduct electrical potential.
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What is the function of neuroglia?
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Support, protection and nutrition.
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Where are neuroglia found?
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Between neurons
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What are the three types of muscle tissue in the body?
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Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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What is the definition of physiology?
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greek word called phusiologia meaning kowledge of nature. It is the study of chemical and physical processes that accounts for life functions. Starting with cellular level and proceeding to tissue, organ and organ systems.
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Time period of Claude Bernard?
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1813-1878
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What was Claude Bernard's greatest contribution?
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He came up with "the big idea" that the internal conditions of the body remain fairly stable even when external conditions are highly variable. The body is never at rest but constantly undergoing dynamic changes.
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What is the purpose of these dynamic changes?
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To maintain an internal equilibrium.
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Time period of Walter cannon?
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1871-1945
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List Walter Cannon's accomplishments
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Expanded Bernards ideas. Coined the term homeostasis.
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what is the central unifying concept of physiology?
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Homeostasis
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What will the loss of homeostatic control result in?
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dis-ease. Ill health or death.
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In unicellular organisms where do all vital processes occur?
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in the cell
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In multicellular organisms where do all vital processes occur?
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In the cell
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Function of the digestive system?
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digestion for nutrients
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Function of the respiratory system?
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breathing oxygen. O2 and nutrients metabolize in the cell to produce energy.
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Function of circulatory system?
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circulate blood carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, white blood cells, and waste
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Function of urinary system
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eliminate waste/toxins. 1-2 liters of urine per day
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Function of the nervous system
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regulate and coordinate activities of other body systems
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Function of the reproductive system
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Perpetuate the species, continue life
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Function of the endocrine system
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makes hormones, maintains homeostasis
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Function of the lymphatic system and Immune system
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Fight off infection, defend the body, produce antibodies
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The cells in multicellular animals exist in an "internal sea" of _______ enclosed within the integument of the animal
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ECF, extracellular fluid
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What is the internal milieu of the body?
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ECF
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From this fluid (ECF), the cells do what?
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take up oxygen and nutrients
discharge metabolic waste products ECF circulates via closed loop system |
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What does the ECF contain?
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nutrients, ions, and gases, and other needed substances necessary for the survival of the body cells.
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List the types of ECF
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ISF - Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma Lymphatic fluid Pleural fluid Pericardial fluid Cochlear and ocular fluids fluid in the tunic of testes |
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What is Interstitial fluid?
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tissue fluid between cells outside the vascular system.
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What percent of body weight is ECF?
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20%
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What are the two components of ECF?
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Interstitial fluid and blood plasma
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What percent of body is ISF?
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15%
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What is ISF?
Give some examples of ISF. |
ISF is the portion of ECF found around the cells outside the vascular system.
Lymph, pleural, pericardial, cochlear, ocular fluids |
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What is the total blood volume?
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5.1 Liters
3.5 Liters in blood plasma 1.6 Liters in other things (cellular formed elements) |
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What percent of body weight is plasma?
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5%
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What is Intracellular fluid ICF?
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Fluid found within the cell
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What percent of body weight is ICF?
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40%
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What percent of body weight are other components?
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40%
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Of the other components, what percent of body weight are proteins and related substances?
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18%
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Of the other components, what percent of the body weight is minerals?
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7%
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Of the other components, what percent of body weight are fats?
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15%
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What percentage of fluid makes up the adult body?
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60%
One third is in the ECF in the spaces outside the cells. Two thirds is found inside the cells, in the form of ICF. |
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To recapitulate, the ECF is
1. 2. 3. 4. |
In constant motion
rapidly transported via blood stream mixed between the blood plasma and ISF Is the reservoir for the needed nutrients and ions for the sustenance of life. |
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The ECF has high concentrations of?
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sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonates as well as some nutrients for the cells like glucose. It also contains gases like O2 and CO2. See page 12!
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What is the ECF pH
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slightly higher than cellular pH at around 7.4 (7.0 in cells)
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The ICF has high concentrations of?
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ions like potassium, magnesium and phosphate, fatty acids and amino acids. Proteins synthesized by cells are found here as well.
See page 12! |
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What is isotonic?
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when fluid outside cell has the same osmality as inside the cell.
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List some of the control systems in the body
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pH regulation
BP regulation Blood glucose conc. Ions: Na, K, Ca conc. gaseous conc. |
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optimal blood pressure?
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120 over 80
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optimal blood glucose concentration?
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90-100 mg/dl of blood
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Definition of feedback system or feedback loop?
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system that monitors conditions and reports it to a central control region
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What are the three components of Feedback loops?
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Receptor, control center, effector
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Receptor component:
what are sensors? |
sensory receptors and sensory nerves
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What does the receptor monitor for?
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a controlled condition
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What is a controlled condition?
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Desired value or set point
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Where does the receptor send information to?
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the control center
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What changes a set point?
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a stimulus
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What is a stimulus?
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any stress that changes a set point
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What is the effect of exercise? (a stimulus)
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body temp, blood pressure and resp rate increase
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Depending on muscular activity, how much does the body temperature fluctuate?
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98-104 degrees
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The response to this sort of stimulus(exercise) is what?
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temperature receptors in the skin send input back to the control center
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What is the control center for temperature in the body?
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The hypothalamus
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What monitors blood pressure? what is the change in blood pressure during exercise
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Baroreceptors
change is around 20-80 mm Hg increase in arterial pressure |
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What monitors respiratory rate?
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respiratory centers in the brain
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What is the function of the control center?
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Receives sensory input and compares it to desire value (set point)
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Where is the control center located?
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mostly in the brain but could be anywhere
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What does the control center do when it receives a sensory input?
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compares it to desired value
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what happens when a difference is noted?
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an error signal is noted. Greater the difference, the greater the error signal.
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what does the error signal do?
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activates the effector organ. Note, the effector organ opposes the departure from the set point
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What is an effector?
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an organ or tissue
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examples of effectors?
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heart, muscles, glands
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examples of effectors and effector responses
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sweat glands ---> secrete sweat --> evaporation of sweat from skin cools skin
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What keeps the blood pressure variable close to a set point
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homeostatic feedback loops
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List the two types of feedback loops
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Negative and positive feedback loops
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What is a negative feedback system?
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a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse that change
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what is the function of a negative feedback loop?
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To maintain stable internal environmental conditions.. maintain homeostasis
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Most homeostatic control systems are what type of feedback loop?
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Negative
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Show the flow of a closed loop
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error = Input - Output OR Desired Value - Actual Value = error
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What is a positive feedback loop?
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a self amplifying cycle. A physiological change that leads to greater changes in the same direction
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What is the effect of a positive feedback loop?
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the response enhances the original stimulus
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Why could positive feedback loops be destructive?
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Because it produces such a rapid change that can lead to a point of no return.
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example of positive feedback loop
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labor and delivery, blood clotting, nerve impulse generation
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What is the stimulus for labor and delivery?
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distortion of the cervix caused by babys head
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what happens next?
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afferent signals, nerve impulses to the brain, pituitary gland stimulated.
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Once the pituitary gland is stimulated, what does it do?
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oxytocin is secreted into the blood and ultimately makes it to the uterus aka the effector organ
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What effect does oxytocin have on the uterus?
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it causes uterine muscles to contract which pushes the fetus toward vajayjay. This starts the positive feedback loop.
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When is this positive feedback loop broken?
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when the baby is born.
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another example of positive loop. Assume you have a ruptured blood vessel, what happens first?
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positively charged collagen fibers attract negatively charged blood platelets. These platelets attract some clotting factors
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One clotting factor is the ________ ________ which causes the formation of what?
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Hageman factor
prothrombin which leads to thrombin threads |
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Thrombin does what?
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causes conversion of another protein called fibrinogen which leads to fibrin threads. The process repeats, more clot forms, bleeding stops.
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another example of a positive loop:
A stimulus causes cationic channels to open.. what channels are opened? |
Na channels (voltage gated)
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What happens when these channels are opened?
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Na ions leak into nerve fiber
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what is the charge inside the nerve fiber?
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positive
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What effect does this rush of Na ions have?
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The membrane potential changes, more Na channels open. The more Na ions enter, the more potential. The cycle repeats itself.
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Frequently, destructive feedbacks may cause death, why?
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self amplification of a process rapidly changes homeostatic set points
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Example of a destructive feedback loop
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Fever
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How can a fever be beneficial?
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raises body temp to kill germs. Higher body temp is unfavorable to microbial growth.
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When body temp rises above 108 degrees, hazardous positive feedback loop starts. How?
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when temp rises metabolic rate increases which produces more heat which causes a further rise in body temp which increases metabolic rate which increases heat which increases temp etc etc etc.
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Why is a temp of around 113 degrees fatal?
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denaturation of body proteins
convulsions coma |
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In conclusion, a persons life depends on what?
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corrective homeostatic feedback loops
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Environmental conditions in the body fluctuate within a certain range. One example is body temp. What is normal internal body temp?
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97-99 degrees F
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The internal state of the body is in _________ ___________ in which there is a set point.
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dynamic equilibrium
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True or false
homeostasis occurs at all levels of the body from cells, tissues, organs, to systems |
true
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In multicellular organisms is there a direct exchange of nutrients and O2?
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No
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cells use nutrients in chemical reactions to
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build up larger compounds and produce energy
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What processes are utilized in cellular chemical reactions?
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catabolism, anabolism, metabolisms
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why do cells produce energy
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to perform work
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What are some uses of protein synthesis by the cells
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growth, repair, defense, and reproduction
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List the nutrients of the digestive system found in the ECF
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carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water
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how do these nutrients get from the ECF to the cells?
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ingestion, digestion, absorption, circulation
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How do we get O2 to the cells
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from breathing, to the blood plasma, to the cells
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The flow of cellular respiration
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alveoli of lungs -> blood plasma -> body cells -> cellular respiration -> CO2 from cells -> blood plasma -> alveoli of lungs
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In addition to oxygen and CO2 the blood also carries?
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RBCs, WBCs, antibodies, hormones, other proteins, metabolic waste
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The absorbed nutrients may be altered to a more usable form. This occurs in which organs?
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kidneys
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why do organisms have to move
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obtain food, sustenance
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which organs provide motility to seek and obtain food
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musculoskeletal system
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what other functions to does the muscle system have?
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protection against unfavorable conditions, heat production
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Many metabolic reactions produce waste. What body systems are involved in excretion?
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integumentary, respiratory, digestive and urinary
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How many liters of bloot are filtered through the kidneys?
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5.1L
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Blood is filtered at the rate of _______
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125ml/min or 180L/day
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99% of filtrate is reabsorbed. Why?
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because it filters everything and takes back what is needed. If this didn't happen we would lose it all.
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Waste materials include
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urea, uric acid, excess ions like Na and K, and water
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materials reabsorbed through renal tubules include?
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water, solutes(glucose, amino acids Na, Cl, HCO3) 100% of glucose and AA get reabsorbed. 99% of Cl is reabsorbed.
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Why must nutrient concentration be maintained?
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for energy and life sustenance
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why must O2 and CO2 concentration be maintained?
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O2 for energy. CO2 is acid forming (carbonic acid)
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why must waste product concentration be maintained?
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potentially toxic
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Why must pH concentration be maintained
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alterations in electrical signaling in neurons can be caused. Also alterations in enzyme activity of cells.
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Why must salt and ion concentration be maintained
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NaCl maintains internal vol of cells. The heartbeat requires constant concentration of K in cells.
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why must temp be maintained
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too cold, cells slow down. Too hot, denaturation of protein.
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Two systems that play a central role in homeostasis
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nervous system, endocrine system
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when glomerular capillaries in the nephron are permeable to RBCs they are referred to as? What if they are permeable to proteins?
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Hematuria for RBCs
Proteinuria for proteins |
