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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Why Study Neurology
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1. To speak a common language across disciplines
2.to understand etiologies of neurological disorders 3. to isolate areas of the disorder 4. to plan treatment 5. to arrive at a prognosis |
5 items
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Neurology
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medical diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders
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diagnosis and treatment
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Neuroscience
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anatomy and physiology of the nervous system
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anatomy and physiology
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Purpose of the Nervous System
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Adapting to the environment by reacting to stimuli through sesory organs, the information will be transferred into language in the nervous system, the brain processes the information, and makes a motor respose
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Disorders that Affect the Nervous System
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Vascular (blood)
Infectious(bacterial, viral) Traumatic(tbi) Autoimmune(ms) Metabolic(genetic) Idiopathic/degenerative (Parkinsons) Neoplastic (tumor) |
Vitamin
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Computerized Technology
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Preferred for bleeds, strokes
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Non static images
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metabolization of glucose
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Positron Emission Tomography
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visualizes metabolic activity in the brain, can show areas of hypofunction thast have normal blood flow
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fMRI
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measures response of blood hemoglobin to the magnetic field
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Angiography
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good for looking at occulsions
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What is a neuron
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1. basic unit of the nervous system
2. conducts electrical impulses 3. motor (efferent) sensory (afferent) 4. Glial cells: provide nourishment |
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Motor Neurons
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efferent, taking information from the brain to the muscle
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Sensory Neurons
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afferent, taking information from the muscle to the brain
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Perikaryon
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cytoplasm in cell body
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Myelinated Axons
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all axons in the nervous system are myelinated, not all neurons outside the nervous system are myelinated
-greater in diameter->faster transmission |
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Cell body
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contains nucleus/mitochondria
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Myelination
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continues after birth
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Nerve fiber
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axon together with myelin sheath
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White Matter
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consists mainly of long processes of neurons, the majority being surrounded by myelin sheaths, nerve cell bodies are lacking
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Gray Matter
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contains the cell bodies of neruons, each with a nucleus embedded in a neruopil, made up predominantly of delicate neruonal and glial processes
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White and Gray Matter
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large numbers of neuroglial cells and a network of blood capillaries
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Action Potential
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all or none phemonmenon, electrical->chemical energy, influx of Na+ ions reverse polarity of membrane, lowers the threshold to -55mV
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Low/high tone
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how many muscle cells contract at a time
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Resting Potential
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membrane is semipermiable, resistance of -70mV
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Sodium ion pump
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K+ neutralized by organic anions of amiono acids and proteins
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Life of an Action Potential
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polarized->stimulation->depolarization->end of axon-> repolarized at beginning of axon
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Absolute Refractory period
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first few minutes after action potential was fired, needs to reast otherwise set off another action potential
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Relative Refractory Period
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can be fired but takes more than normal stimulation
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Excitatory post synaptic potential
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-opens ion channels
-Ach |
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Inhibitory post synaptic potential
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-more resistant to opening
-DA -GABA |
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Myesthenia Gravis
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autoimmune disease
-breakdown at synaptic cleft -receptors kill Ach -Tx: conservation of energy |
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Brain Development
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begins at 3 weeks, 3-16 weeks are the more critical
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Embryonic Stage
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0-8 weeks
-neural plate: week 3 -neural groove -neural tube closes: day 25 -neural crest: PNS, ANS, ends at 4 weeks -tube: brain and spinal cord |
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4th week
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C shape, 3 primary vesicles form: pro, met, rhom, cranial nerves begin to appear
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Fetal Period
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9-38 weeks, 3rd month convolusoins begin, 4th month myelination
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Neuronal Migration
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travel alon glial pathways to predetermined places, travel inside and outside the brain, stem cells take on characteristics of neurons, brains can be rewired
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Defects in Development
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-genetic
-anecephaly -cranium bifidum -spina bifida -hydrocephaly -microcephaly |
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Anecephaly
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neural tube did not close anteriorly, only the brainstem
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SPina bifida
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posterior neural tube did not close, could be exposed to lack of follic acid
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Hydrocephaly
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fluid in vessicles brain grows due to lack of formed structures, enlarged heads
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Neocortex
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the most sophisticated and advanced part of the brain
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Peripheral Nervous System
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31 pairs of spinal nerves, exit the spinal column to ennervate muscles of the body
12 pair of cranial nerves, exit the brain stem and midbrain to ennervate the muscles of the head, neck, and face -somatic: goes to voluntary movement -autonomic: involuntary movement |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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involuntary activity, regulating viseral organs
-controlled by the hypothalamus and cortex -Sympathetic: fight or flight -Parasympathetic: restores metabolism |
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Divisions of the Brain
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-Telencephalon
-Diencephalon -Mesencephalon -Rhombencephalon |
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Telencephalon
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-Basal Ganglia
-Lobes -Corpus Callosum |
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Diencephalon
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-Limbic System
-Thalamus -Hypothalamus |
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Mesencephalon
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midbrain
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Rhombencephalon
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-Medulla
-Pons -Cerrebellum |
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Lobes of the Brain
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-Frontal
-Parietal -Temporal -Occipital |
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Landmarks of the Frontal Lobe
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Motor
Precentral Gyrus:homoculus Precentral lobe Pre-motor area: Broca's area Supplemental motor corex-medial: works with motor strip to do complex motor movements |
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Functions of the Frontal Lobe
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Left lobe: language
Motor cortex for contralateral muscles Personality, insight, and foresight |
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Broca's area
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allows the correct sequences and selection of sounds, 3rd convolution, program skilled movements
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Motor Strip
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contracting muschles, efferent
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Landmarks of the Parietal Lobe
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Post central gyrus: sensory strip
Supramarinal gyrus & Angular gyrus: involved with reading, writing and visual spatial integration |
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Functions of the Parietal Lobe
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Sensory cortex: afferent
Symbolic integratoin for reading and writing Left/right orientation, spatial organization use brain to figure out what caused the pain |
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Landmarks of the Temporal Lobe
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Superior, medial, inferior gyri
Helschel's gyrus: all auditory information Wernicke's decode auditory information (speech) Cranial nerve 8 |
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Functions of the Temporal Lobe
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Hearing cortex
Comprehension of language Appreciation of rhythm and melody Primary auditory cortex |
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Pureword deafness/Auditory agnosia
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Bilateral lesion
on Helschels: in ability to recognize sounds on Wernickes: in ability to recognize speech sounds |
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Landmarks of the Occipital Lobe
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Visual association areas
Calarine fissure: above and below visual field |
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Functions of the Occipital Lobe
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-Primary visual cortex (needs help from the temporal and parietal lobes to decode
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Hemianopsia
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lost both visual fields in each eye
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Cortical Blindness
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the nerve is ok, but can't recognize familiar things, cortex cant decode or register the sense
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Commissural Fibers
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connects hemisphere to hemisphere
-corpus callosum |
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Association Fibers
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neuron connections, connect 2 areas within a hemisphere
-arcuate fasiculus |
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Projection fibers
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pathways to/from brain to spinal cord
-corticospinal tract |
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Commissureectomy
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Corpus collusum disected for seizures
-see visual picture but cant if name object if its in the left field. |
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Cortopsinal tract
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efferent and motor
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Language Tract
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Brocas area to Wernickes area and back, repitition and transferring of auditory to decoding and repeat
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Internal capsule
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all fibers go through passageway
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Basal Ganglia
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subcortical nuclei
putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus initiates motor activity and modulates cortical activity -everything that goes to the cortex must first go to BG |
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Dyskinesias
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-Chorea
-Athetosis -Ballismus -Tremor -Bradykinesia |
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Chorea
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rapid, jerky, may be flowing
-Huntintons: genetic -Sydenhams: infectious |
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Athetosis
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slow, writhing,
-Cerebal Palsy: slow twisting |
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Ballismus
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severe, flalling, balistic movement
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Tremor
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Parkinsons: resting tremor
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Bradykinesia
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description of being slow
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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caused by antipsychotic drugs, may continue after discontinuing drugs
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Parkinsons Disease
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DA producing cells in the substantia nigra destroyed, making muscles stiff or tremor
-cog wheel rigidity, lead pipe rigidity, hardly any motion of speech articulators |
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Limbic System
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-visceral brain
-deep in cortex -connects hypothalamus with prefronal lobe and ANS -involved with emotions and motivation |
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Structions of the Limbic System
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hippocampus
amygdala cingulate gyrus olfactory cortex |
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Hippocampus
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role in memory and learning
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Anterograde Amnesia
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bilateral damage to the hippocampus: inability to learn something new, TBI
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Amygdala
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rage fear, aggressiveness, controls ANS in relation to past experiences
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Cingulate Gyrus
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emotional, autonomic functions, associated with anxiety and OCD
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Disorders of the Limbic System
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Kluver Bucy syndrome
Korsakoff's syndrome Alzheimer's disease |
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Kluver Bucy Syndrome
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bilateral temporal lesions lying deep affecting the limbic system, lack of anger or fear
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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Vitamin D deficiency caused by alcoholism
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Alzheimer's disease
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degeneration in hippocampus
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus
large group of subcortical nuclei (connect with BG, cortex, and cerebellum for movemnet) Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus
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Sensory relay station (afferent-ipsolaterally)all senses except smell
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Thalamus Disorders
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Parethesia
Thalamic pain syndrome Phantom Pain |
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Parethesia
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abnormal sensation such as tingling, pinching or burning in the absence of pain
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Thalamic Pain Syndrome
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innocuous stimuli triggers pain (increased or decreased thresholds) pin or fire
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Phantom Pain
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feel pain in a limb that is not longer there
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Hypothalamus
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maintains homeostasis
controls ANS and pititary gland regulates sleep, emotions, hunger, feeling of well being Projections to limbic system and prefrontal cortex |
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