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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHITE MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 3 FUNICULI |
ANTERIOR
LATERAL DORSAL COLUMNS |
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EACH HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN CONTAINS WHAT 4 LOBES |
FRONTAL
TEMPORAL PARIETAL OCCIPITAL |
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THE BRAINSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 3 SECTIONS
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MIDBRAIN
PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA |
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THE PNS CONTAINS HOW MANY PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES WHICH EXIT THE SKULL THROUGH THE FORAMINA
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12 PAIRS
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THE PNS CONTAINS HOW MANY PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES WHICH EXIT THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN THROUGH THE INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA |
31 PAIRS: DIVIDED AS FOLLOWS
8 CERVICAL 12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR 5 SACRAL 1 COCCYGEAL |
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(PNS) SPINAL NERVES ROOTS WHICH CARRY MOTOR INFO AWAY FROM THE CNS (EFFERENT) |
ANTERIOR ROOT
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(PNS) SPINAL NERVE ROOTS WHICH CARRY SENSORY INFO INTO TO THE CNS (AFFERENT) |
POSTERIOR ROOT
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WHICH ANS SYSTEM PREPARES THE BODY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE: NOREPINEPHRINE NEOROTRANSMITTER; GENERALLY A STIMULATING RESPONSE (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) |
SYMPATHETIC
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WHICH ANS SYSTEM CONSERVES AND RESTORES ENERGY: ACETYLCHOLINE NEUROTRANSMITTER: GENERALLY AN INHIBITORY RESPONSE |
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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(ANS) THE ANS ANATOMICALLY CONTAINS PORTIONS OF THE ? & ?
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CNS & PNS
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WHICH NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CONCERNED WITH INNERVATION FOR INVOLUNTARY PROCESSES, GLANDS, INTERNAL ORGANS, & SMOOTH MUSCLE
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
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WHICH NERVOUS SYSTEM EMPHASIZES HOMEOSTASIS & A PERSONS RESPONSE TO STRESS
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
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THE BRAIN CONSISTS OF WHAT 3 AREAS
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FOREBRAIN
MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN |
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THE CEREBRUM IS LOCATED IN WHAT AREA OF THE BRAIN
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FOREBRAIN
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THE 2 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES ARE CONNECTED BY WHAT STRUCTURE COMPRISED OF WHITE MATTER WHICH RELAYS INFO FROM 1 SIDE OF THE BRAIN TO THE OTHER
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM IS TERMED ? MATTER |
GREY (CEREBRUM CORTEX)
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THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM IS TERMED ? MATTER |
WHITE
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WHICH HEMISPHERE SPECIALIZES IN/DOMINATES:
LANGUAGE SEQUENCE & PERFORM MOVEMENTS UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE ANALYTICAL CONTROLLED LOGICAL RATIONAL MATH CALCULATIONS EXPRESS POSITIVE EMOTIONS (LOVE/HAPPINESS) PROCESS VERBALLY CODED INFORMATION IN AN ORGANIZED, LOGICAL, & SEQUENTIAL MANNER |
LEFT HEMISPHERE
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WHICH HEMISPHERE SPECIALIZES IN/DOMINATES:
NON-VERBAL PROCESSING PROCESS INFO IN A HOLISTIC MANNER ARTISTIC ABILITIES GENERAL CONCEPT COMPREHENSION HAND-EYE COORDINATION SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS KINESTHETIC AWARENESS UNDERSTAND MUSIC UNDERSTAND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION MATHEMATICAL REASONING EXPRESS NEGATIVE EMOTIONS BODY IMAGE AWARENESS |
RIGHT HEMISPHERE
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WHICH LOBE CONTROLS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT (PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX/PRECENTRAL GYRUS), INTELLECT, ORIENTATION -BROCA'S AREA (LEFT HEMISPHERE), SPEECH, CONCENTRATION -PERSONALITY, TEMPER, JUDGEMENT, REASONING, BEHAVIOR, SELF-AWARENESS, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS |
FRONTAL
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WHICH LOBE CONTROLS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
-SENSATION OF TOUCH, KINESTHETIC PERCEPTION OF VIBRATION, & TEMP -RECEIVES INFO FROM OTHER AREAS OF THE BRAIN REGARDING HEARING, VISION, MOTOR, SENSORY & MEMORY -PROVIDES MEANING FOR OBJECTS -INTERPRETS LANGUAGE & WORDS -SPATIAL & VISUAL PERCEPTION |
PARIETAL
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WHICH LOBE CONTROLS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
-PRIMARILY AUDITORY PROCESSING & OLFACTION -WERNICKE'S AREA (LEFT HEMISPHERE) ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND & PRODUCE MEANINGFUL SPEECH, VERBAL & GENERAL MEMORY, ASSISTS WITH UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE -THE REAR OF THE THIS LOBE ENABLES HUMANS TO INTERPRET OTHER PEOPLES' EMOTIONS & REACTIONS |
TEMPORAL
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WHICH LOBE CONTROLS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
-MAIN PROCESSING CENTER FOR VISUAL INFORMATION -PROCESSES VISUAL INFORMATION REGARDING COLOR, LIGHT, & SHAPE -JUDGEMENT OF DISTANCE, SEEING IN 3 DIMENSIONS |
OCCIPITAL
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THE FOLLOWING IMPAIRMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO WHICH LOBE:
-CONTRALATERAL WEAKNESS -PERSEVERATION, INATTENTION -PERSONALITY CHANGES, ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR -IMPAIRED CONCENTRATION, APATHY -BROCA'S APHASIA (EXPRESSIVE DEFICITS) -DELAYED OR POOR INITIATION -EMOTIONAL LABILITY |
FRONTAL
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THE FOLLOWING IMPAIRMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO WHICH LOBE:
-DOMINANT HEMISPHERE (TYPICALLY LEFT), AGRAPHIA, ALEXIA, AGNOSIA -NON-DOMINANT HEMISPHERE (TYPICALLY RIGHT) DRESSING APRAXIA, CONSTRUCTIONAL APRAXIA, ANOSOGNOSIA -CONTRALATERAL SENSORY DEFICITS -IMPAIRED LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION -IMPAIRED TASTE |
PARIETAL
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THE FOLLOWING IMPAIRMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO WHICH LOBE:
-LEARNING DEFICITS -WERNICKE'S APHASIA (RECEPTIVE DEFICITS) -ANTISOCIAL, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS -DIFFICULTY W/FACIAL RECOGNITION -DIFFICULTY W/MEMORY, MEMORY LOSS -INABILITY TO CATEGORIZE OBJECTS |
TEMPORAL
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THE FOLLOWING IMPAIRMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO WHICH LOBE:
-HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA -IMPAIRED EXTRAOCULAR MM MOVEMENT & VISUAL DEFICITS -IMPAIRED COLOR RECOGNITION -READING & WRITING IMPAIRMENT -CORTICAL BLINDNESS W/BILATERAL LOBE INVOLVEMENT |
OCCIPITAL
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LESIONS TO WHICH LOBE PRODUCE DEFICITS RANGING FROM PARALYSIS & APRAXIA TO LOSS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTION & GOAL ORIENTED BEHAVIOR
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FRONTAL LOBE
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LESIONS TO WHICH LOBE AFFECT SENSORY AWARENESS, INTERPRETATION, & PERCEPTION
(somatosensory deficits elicit abnormal movement patterns) |
PARIETAL
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LESIONS TO WHICH AFFECT SHORT-TERM & LONG-TERM MEMORY
(DAMAGE TO WERNICKE'S AREAS IMPAIRS COMPREHENSION OF THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE) |
TEMPORAL
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LESIONS TO WHICH LOBE PRODUCE VARIOUS VISUAL DEFICITS
(CORTICOBLINDNESS OCCURS WITH DAMAGE TO THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX & AFFECTS PT'S ABILITY TO RECEIVE BUT NOT TO PERCEIVE VISUAL INFO) |
OCCIPITAL
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DIGRAMS, WRITTEN MATERIALS, & READING IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PTS WITH ? LOBE LESION
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OCCIPITAL
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PTS WITH ? LOBE LESION ARE USUALLY UNABLE TO RECALL THE STEPS THAT SURROUND A NEW SKILL
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TEMPORAL
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PTS WITH ? LOBE LESIONS MAY BE UNINHIBITED, DISTRACTIBLE, & LACK JUDGEMENT
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FRONTAL
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PTS WITH ? LOBE LESION HAVE DEFICITS THAT HINDER MOVEMENT PLANNING & REQUIRE MODIFICATIONS TO THERAPY
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PARIETAL
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FOREBRAIN STRUCTURE DEEPLY EMBEDDED W/IN THE LOWER TEMPORAL LOBE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROCESS OF FORMING & STORING NEW MEMORIES OF ONE'S PERSONAL HISTORY& OTHER DECLARATIVE MEMORY.
ALSO OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN LEARNING LANGUAGE |
HIPPOCAMPUS
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GREY MATTER MASSES LOCATED DEEP W/IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE CEREBRUM & INCLUDE CAUDATE, PUTAMEN, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, & SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEI.
-COLLECTIVELY RESPONSIBLE FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT, REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC MOVEMENT, POSTURE, MM TONE, & CONTROL OF MOTOR RESPONSES. DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED W/MANY CONDITIONS INCLUDING PARKINSON'S & HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE |
BASAL GANGLIA
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small almond shaped nuclei located w/in the temporal lobes of each hemisphere of the brain. Main function is emotional & social processing.
-involved w/fear & pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, & formation of emotional memories |
AMYGDALA
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(FOREBRAIN)RELAY OR PROCESSING STATION FOR THE MAJORITY OF INFO THAT GOES TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.
-COORDINATES SENSORY PERCEPTION & MOVEMENT W/OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN & SPINAL CORD THAT ALSO HAVE A ROLE IN SENSATION & MOVEMENT. -RECEIVES INFO FROM THE CEREBELLUM, BASAL GANGLIA, & ALL SENSORY PATHWAYS EXCEPT THE OLFACTORY TRACT, -DAMAGE CAN PRODUCE PAIN SYNDROM |
THALAMUS
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(FOREBRAIN) RECEIVES & INTEGRATES INFO FROM THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM & ASSISTS W/REGULATING HORMONES
-CONTROLS FUNCTIONS SUCH AS HUNGER, THIRST, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, & SLEEPING. -REGULATES BODY TEMP, ADRENAL GLANDS, PITUITARY GLANDS, & MANY OTHER VITAL ACTIVITIES. |
HYPOTHALAMUS
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(FOREBRAIN) LOCATED BETWEEN THE THALAMUS & THE HYPOTHALAMUS, & IS PRIMARILY REPRESENTED BY THE ? NUCLEUS.
-IMPORTANT FOR REGULATING MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY SKELETAL MMS. -ASSOCIATED W/BASAL GANGLIA & SUBSTANTIA NIGRA |
SUBTHALAMUS
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(FOREBRAIN) PRIMARILY REPRESENTED BY THE PINEAL GLAND WHICH SECRETES MELATONIN, & IS INVOLVED IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, THE INTERNAL CLOCK, SELECTED REGULATION OF MOTOR PATHWAYS & EMOTIONS
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EPITHALAMUS
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1 of 3 components of the brainstem located at the base of the brain above the spinal cord that connects the forebrain & the hindbrain & acts primarily as a relay station for info passing the cerebrum, cerebellum, & spinal cord.
-also a reflex center for visual, auditory, & tactile responses |
MIDBRAIN
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area of the brain that consists of the cerebellum, pons, & medulla ablongata.
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HINDBRAIN
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Components of the brainstem that controls the body's vital functions
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PONS & MEDULLA OBLANGATA
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area of the brain that coordinates movement & assists w/maintaining balance
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CEREBELLUM
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Area of the brain located at the posterior of the brain below the occipital lobes & is responsible for the fine tuning of movement, & assists w/maintaining posture &balance by controlling mm tone & positioning of the extremities in space.
-CONTROLS THE ABILITY TO PERFORM RAPID ALTERNATING MOVEMENTS -consists of 2 hemispheres of grey matter & is divided into 3 lobes -damage to 1 side will produce ipsilateral impairment -lesions may produce ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, hypermetril, poor coordination, & deficits in postural reflexes, balance, & equilibrium. |
CEREBELLUM
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structure located in the brainstem below the midbrain & superior to the medulla oblongata.
-assists w/regulation of respiration rate & associated w/the orientation of the head in relation to visual & auditory stimuli. -cranial nerves V-VIII originate here |
PONS
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structure composed of white matter on the surface & grey matter w/in.
-influences automic nervous activity & the regulation of respiration & heart rate. -reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, & sneezing are located here -damage to motor tracts crossing w/in this structure produces contralateral impairment |
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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structure w/in the brain but as a separate classification, located in front of the cerebellum w/connections to the spinal cord.
-consists of midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata which are located in both the mid & hindbrain -works as a relay station between the body & cerebral cortex -reticular activating system is found w/in the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblangata |
BRAINSTEM
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outer most meninge, lines the periosteum of the skull & protects the brain
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dura mater
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middle meninge
-impermeable -surrounds the brain in a loose manner |
arachnoid
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inner-most meninge
-covers the contours of the brain -forms the choroid plexus in the ventricular system |
pia mater
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area between skull & outer dura mater that can be abnormally occupied
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epidural space
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area between the dura & arachnoid meninges
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subdural space
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area between the arachnoid & pia mater that contains CSF & the circulatory system for the cerebral cortex
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subarachnoid space
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excess fluid w/in the spinal cord
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syringomyelia
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specialized tissue found w/in the 4 ventricles of the ventricular system, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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choroid plexus
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symptom of meningitis in which flexion of the neck facilitates flexion of the hips & knees
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BRUDZINSKI'S SIGN
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SYMPTOM OF MENINGITIS IN WHICH PAIN OCCURS WITH HIP FLEXION COMBINED W/KNEE EXTENSION
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KERNIG'S SIGN
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occlusion of which artery will produce the following:
paraplegia incontinence frontal lobe symptoms such as personality changes & potential akinetic mutism (conscious unresponsiveness) |
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
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occlusion of which artery will produce the following:
-contralateral hemiplegia & sensory impairment -dominant hemisphere impairments including global/wernicke's/broca's aphasia |
MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
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occlusion of which artery will produce the following:
-thalamic pain syndrome & cortical blindness |
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
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increase in CSF w/in the ventricles of the brain due to poor resorption, obstruction of flow, or excess production
-can be congenital, acquired, or idiopathic symptoms include: enlarged head headache vision changes large veins on scalp behavior changes seizures appetite changes/vomiting sun setting sign (downward deviation of eyes) incontinence |
HYDROCEPHALUS
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the spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to ?
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conus medullaris (between 1st & 2nd lumbar vertebrae)
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how many segments of spinal cord are there?
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31
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each spinal nerve arises from 1 of the 31 spinal segments, & contains a dorsal root & a ventral root
the dorsal root contains what fibers which do what? the ventral root contains what fibers which do what? |
afferent (send sensory info)
efferent (receive motor commands) |
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peripheral nerve fiber:
large fibers myelinated high conduction rate alpha, beta, gamma, delta subsets |
A FIBERS
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peripheral nerve fibers:
medium fibers myelinated reasonable fast conduction rate pre-gangiotic fibers of the autonomic system |
B FIBERS
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peripheral nerve fibers:
small fibers poorly myelinated or unmyelinated slowed conduction rate post-gangliotic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system exteroceptors for pain, temp, & touch |
C FIBERS
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