Neuromuscular Blockers, Analgesics And La

Front 1

True or false: Neuromuscular blockers cross the BBB to act centrally.

Back 1

False.

Front 2

True or false: Succinylcholine is a muscular nicotinic receptor agonist.

Back 2

True.

Front 3

Describe what is meant with a biphasic (phase II) block ?

Back 3

After repeated doses of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, the receptors become inactive and a prolonged muscular block is created.

Front 4

Describe the nature and sequence of events after the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

Back 4

1. Firstly depolarization with muscle fasiculations
2. Fast occurrence of effect and short duration of action
3. Anticholinesterases prolong the block
4. Repeated doses = tachyphylaxis

Front 5

True or false: Some people have an inborn pseudocholinesterase that shortens the duration of a depolarising neuromuscular blocker.

Back 5

False. It prolongs the block.

Front 6

True or false: Tubocurarine is a muscular nicotinic receptor agonist.

Back 6

False. It is an antagonist at the muscular nicotinic receptor.

Front 7

Describe the nature and sequence of events after the administration of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

Back 7

1. Competitive antagonism
2. Slow onset but long duration of action
3. Anticholinesterases will stop the blockade
4. Tachyphylaxis does not develop

Front 8

True or false: Alkalizing the urine increases the rate of excretion of Asprin.

Back 8

True.

Front 9

What is the mechanism of action of Asprin ?

Back 9

It inhibits COX 1 and 2 enzymes from synthesizing prostoglandins.

Front 10

What are the adverse effects of using Asprin ?

Back 10

1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Increased bleeding time
3. GIT disturbances
4. Peptic ulcers
5. Uricosuric effect
6. Precipitate cardiac failure
7. Hypersensitivity

Front 11

What is the real name of 'Oil of Wintergreen' ?

Back 11

Methyl salicylate.

Front 12

Which salicylate has keratolytic properties ?

Back 12

Salicylate.

Front 13

What are the pharmacological effects of Paracetamol ?

Back 13

1. Analgesic
2. Antipyretic

Front 14

What is the theoretical mechanisms of action of Paracetamol ?

Back 14

1. Inhibition of COX 3 enzyme in hypothalamus
2. AM404 blocks cannabinoid receptors inhibitng anandamide uptake

Front 15

What happens to a patient with a Paracetamol overdose ?

Back 15

1. Hepatic necrosis
2. Renal tubular necrosis

Front 16

List the drugs that are classified as other NSAIDS.

Back 16

1. Dicolfenac
2. Ibuprofen
3. Mefanamic acid (Haemolytic anaemia)
4. Indomethacin (potent COX 2 inhibitor)
5. Piroxicam and Meloxicam (selective COX 2 inhibitor)

Front 17

What are the uses of morphine ?

Back 17

1. Analgesic
2. Relief of anxiety
3. Control diarrhoea
4. Cough suppression

Front 18

Which opiod analgesic is usually used in combination with NSAID and Paracetamol ?

Back 18

Codeine.

Front 19

True or false: Naloxone is an antagonist on Mu, Kappa and Delta receptors.

Back 19

True.

Front 20

True or false: Morphine is an agonist on Mu, Kappa and Delta receptors.

Back 20

False. It is only an agonist on Mu and Kappa receptors.

Front 21

What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics ?

Back 21

The lipophilic end of the molecule penetrates the nerve axon. Inside the axon it gets protonated, consequently it binds to the Na+ channels and prevents h-gates from opening. Therefore a action potential cannot be created.

Front 22

Which are the most common vasoconstrictors used with local anesthetics ?

Back 22

1. Adrenaline
2. Noradrenaline
3. Felipressin

Front 23

What are the adverse effects for using local anesthetics ?

Back 23

1. Decreased excitability, rate of transmission and cardiac power
2. Central stimulation

Front 24

List the ester local anesthetics.

Back 24

1. Cocaine
2. Procaine
3. Bensocaine
4. Oxybuprocaine

Front 25

True or false: All the ester local anesthetics have a short duration of action.

Back 25

True.

Front 26

What are the uses for Bensocaine ?

Back 26

Surface anesthesia for the throat and skin.

Front 27

What are the uses for Oxybuprocaine ?

Back 27

Surface anesthesia used in ophthalmology.

Front 28

List the amide local anesthetics.

Back 28

1. Lignocaine
2. Lidocaine
3. Mepivacaine
4. Karbocaine
5. Bupivacaine

Front 29

Which local anesthetic has a long duration of action ?

Back 29

Bupivacaine.

Front 30

Which local anesthetics are used in dentistry ?

Back 30

1. Mepivacaine
2. Karbocaine

Front 31

Which local anesthetics has antidysrhythmic properties ?

Back 31

1. Lignocaine
2. Lidocaine

Front 32

Which local anesthetic blocks presynaptic uptake of noradrenaline and peripheral vasoconstriction?

Back 32

Cocaine.