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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which Neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction?
ACh
ACh binds to what kind of receptors?
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
The depolarization of the post-synaptic cell (muscle) at the NMJ is called:
End-Plate Potential
ACh is broken down by what?
Acetycholinesterase
Small fluctuations in the resting potential of a post-synaptic cell
Miniature End-Plate Potentials (MEPP)
Under normal circumstances, and EPP is always ________.
Supra-threshold and will produce a muscle AP.
Aparalytic toxin that prevents Action Potentials:
Curare
An autoimmune diease affecting NMJs becuase circulating antibodies block ACh receptors on the post-synaptic surface.
Myasthenia Gravis
How is Myasthenia Gravis treated?
With cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants
Neuromuscular disorder causing progressive muscle weakness:
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Disease involving the destruction of presynaptic calcium channels:
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
The amount of transmitter released at the presynaptic membrane depends directly on:
The duration of the action potential (longer APs lead to a greater influx of Ca2+)
Region of muscle membrane that holds the synapse:
End plate
The large end plate potentials are a direct result of what?
Very high concentration of ACh receptors on the end-plate membrane
Which disease is often linked with small cell lung cancer?
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
_________ results in in prologation of conduction time in nerve conduction velocity tests.
Demyelination
___ ______ leads to loss of nerve or muscle potential amplitude in nerve conduction velocity tests.
Axonal Loss
Specialized junction between nerve cells that has little time delay and allows for bi-directional flow:`
Gap (electrical) junctions
___ ________ allow ions and wiater soluble molecules to pass from cell to cell.
Gap Junctions (large enough for amino acids and sm. peptides)
___ _______ are found in neurons in the brain:
Gap Junctions (CN V, inf. olivary nucleus)
Proteins that make up gap junctions:
Connexins
Hundreds of gap junctions assemble into a macromolecular complex called:
a plaque
How can you modulate an elecrical synapse?
Can be found in open or closed states that can be regulated by something as simple as calcium levels and pH.
____ _______ are much larger than most other channels and not specific to any ion species.
Gap Junctions
Which ion channels are usually selective for NA+>K+?
Voltage gates channels
Which channels treat Na+ = K+ > Ca2+ = Mg2+.
Transmitter/Chemical Gated Channels
The _______ _______ is the patch of membrane with the lowest threshold potential, because it has the highest conc. of voltage gated Na+ Channels.
Trigger Zone
ThBoth EPSPs and IPSs are _________ conducted from the synapse to the axon hillock.
Passively (electronic propogation)
Why is temporal summation effective?
Because APs are much shorter in duration than EPSPs.
Respiration and cycles of wakefullness and sleep may involve these types of circuits which are arranged in a circular fashion:
Oscillating Circuits (act as a positive feedback system)
Neuromuscular transmission is always ________ whereas neuron-neuron synapses may be what?
Excitatory, but neuron-neuron may be excitatory or inhibitory.
Almost all muscle fibers are innervated by what?
A single motor neuron.
Neurons generally receive input from what?
Several pre-synaptic cells
If the reversal potential for the EPSP is near 0mV what does this indicate?
It indicates the involvement of a non-selective monovalent cation channel allowing both K+ and Na+ to flow.
______ generally produce and increase in the permeability of the post-synaptic membrane to K+ and or Cl-
IPSPs
Dy definition, the reversal potential for IPSPs is ______ to the threshold potential.
Negative
In cells where Cl- is passively distributed, the opening of Cl- channels will do what?
Hold the membrane potential negative to threshold and reduce the influence of EPSPs.
GABA is what kind of neurotransmitter (EPSP or ISPSP)
IPSP - it activates a receptor that directly activated a Cl- channel
Name two inhibitoty neurotransmitters that utilize Cl- channels.
GABA and Glycine
_______ ________ occurs when simultaneously propogating PSPs from two or more inputs combine on the membrane.
Spatial Summation
_______ _______ occurs when a single input fires rapidly enough that a second EPSP occurs before the first is over.
Temporal Summation
When one source provides output to many targets.
Synaptic Divergence
When multiple sources arrive onto one neuron or class of neurons.
Synaptic divergence.