Neurology (Packer)

Front 1

Head Tilt

Back 1

Posture
Rotation of the head around a central axis such that one ear is lower than the other.
Vestibular Dysfunction, occ. forebrain

Front 2

Head Turn

Back 2

Posture
Rotation of the head such that the nose is turned toward one shoulder.

Forebrain dysfunction

Front 3

Leaning/Tilting

Back 3

Posture


vestibular dysfunction

Front 4

Wide based stance

Back 4

Posture


vestibular dysfunction or cerebellar disease

Front 5

Decerebrate rigidity

Back 5

Posture
Characterized by rigid extension of all 4 limbs, often with opisthotonus.
-Typically accompanied by decreased level of consciousness (without impaired consciousness-more likely UMN C1-C5 lesion)

Brain stem lesion

Front 6

Decerebellate rigidity

Back 6

Posture
-Rigid extension of thoracic limbs and hip flexion of the pelvis, also opisthotonus
-conscious not impaired
acute cerebellar dysfunction

Front 7

Schiff-Sherrington posture

Back 7

Posture
Pelvic limbs are flexed normally and the thoracic limbs are spastic, in rigid extension
-UMN T3-L3 lesion

Front 8

Sensory ataxia

Back 8

Gait-Ataxia
Characterized by incoordination, crossing over of paws/limbs, knuckling/scuffing of paws
Due to loss of proprioceptive pathways

Front 9

Vestibular Ataxia

Back 9

Gait-ataxia
Characterized by head tilt, leaning/falling to one side; wide based stance

Front 10

Cerebellar ataxia

Back 10

Due to loss of cerebellar mediation of motor function
Characterized by wide-based stance (most oftenhypermetria or high-stepping), intention tremor

Front 11

Hemiplegia

Back 11

Gait-Paresis
paralysis of both limbs on one side

Front 12

Define and list causes of a physiologic tremor

Back 12

Abnormal movements
fine fast tremor, most dramatic during weight bearing or posturing
Hypothermia, Metabolic disease (ie. Hypoglycemia), weakness, drugs, etc.

Front 13

List and define the 3 types of abnormal movements recognized in the Neuro exam.

Back 13

Tremors-can be intention or physiologic
Myoclonus-rhythmic jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Myotonia-delayed relaxation of muscle following voluntary contraction

Front 14

List the locations where a LMN lesion occurs and describe the muscle tone.

List the locations of an UMN lesion and describe muscle tone.

Back 14

LMN: C6-T2 and L4-S3, + some NM disorders, May exhibit muscle hypotonicity

UMN: C1-C5 and T3-L3, may exhibit muscle hypertonicity or spasticity

Front 15

Define proprioception. List the postural reaction tests.

Back 15

The ability to sense position in space, and with respect to the rest of the body.
Placing, Hopping, Extensor Postural Thrust, Hemistanding/Hemiwalking, Wheelbarrowing, Visual Placing, Tactile Placing

Front 16

List the postures associated with vestibular dysfunction.

Back 16

Head tilt, Body tilt, wide-based stance

Front 17

List the posture associated with a forebrain lesion/disease

Back 17

Head Turn

Front 18

What postures are associated with cerebellar dysfunction?

Back 18

wide-based stance, decerebellate rigidity

Front 19

What postures are associated with brainstem lesions?

Back 19

decerebrate rigidity

Front 20

Which postures are associated with and UMN lesion in T3-L3?

Back 20

Schiff-Sherrington posture

Front 21

UMN lesions occur in what region of the spinal cord and exhibit what muscle tone?

LMN lesions?

Back 21

UMN: C1-C5, T3-L3; muscle hypertonicity or spasticity
LMN: C6-T2, L4-S3; muscle hypotonicity

Front 22

Compare the time for neurogenic atrophy to develop compared to disuse atrophy.

Back 22

Muscle Tone/ Palpation
Neurogenic develops within 5-10 days
Disuse develops over weeks to months

Front 23

What is the scale for grading reflexes?

Back 23

0= absent
1=decreased (hyporeflexia)
2= normal
3= hyperreflexia
4= hyperreflexia with clonus

Front 24

What is clonus?

Back 24

repeated flexion and extension of joint in response to a single stimulus; seen with hyperreflexia and a score of 4 on the reflex scale.

Front 25

The sciatic nerve is evaluated by what 3 reflexes?

Back 25

Cranial tibial (peroneal branch), Gastrocnemius (tibial branch), Flexor withdrawal

Front 26

Does the forelimb or the hindlimb have a W/D reflex that evaluates all nerves of the limb?

Back 26

only the thoracic limb, the pelvic limb W/D reflex only involves the sciatic n.

Front 27

Which 2 forelimb reflex tests involve the radial nerve?

Back 27

Triceps and extensor carpi radialis (the biceps evaluates the musculocutaneous n.)

Front 28

Besides front and hindlimb, what other reflexes can be evaulated?

Back 28

Perineal reflex and cutaneous trunci reflex

Front 29

Describe the pathway for the cutaneous trunci reflex.

Back 29

Sensory dermatome--> afferent pathway --> enter spinal cord 1-2 segments cranial to the dermatome -->ascends spinal cord until C8-T1 --> Lateral thoracic N (efferent motor neuron)--> contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle (bilateral)
Loss would be on ipsilateral side as lesion (ie. brachial plexus injury)

Front 30

When is a crossed extensor reflex exhibited?

Back 30

during W/D reflex testing
Flexion of 1 limb results in extension of contralateral limb
Indicates an UMN lesion.
It is normally present in a standing animal but suppressed when the animal is recumbent

Front 31

Define Hyperesthesia.

Back 31

Sensation.
abnormal sensitivity to a normal stimulus.
test by palpating muscles on paraspinal muscles of the thoracolumbar and sacral spine, or palpating laterally along the cervical spinal musculature. neck may also be flexed and extended carefully.