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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rostral (Cerebrum)
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Near front of head.
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Rostral (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
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Near or toward brain.
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Caudal (Cerebrum)
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Back of brain or head.
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Caudal (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
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Coccygeal end of spinal cord.
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Dorsal (Cerebrum)
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Top of brain.
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Dorsal (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
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Back of brainstem or spinal cord.
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Ventral (Cerebrum)
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Bottom of brain.
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Ventral (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
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Belly or anterior in quadrupeds and bipeds.
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Coronal
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Vertical section into front (rostral) and back (caudal).
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Sagittal
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Vertical division into left and right.
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Midsagittal
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Vertical division into two equal parts.
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Transverse
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Diagonal to cross-plane at curving brainstem. (Horizontal)
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Lateral
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Structures away from midline.
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Medial
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Structures toward midline.
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Supine Position
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Anatomical position of the body when it is face up.
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Prone Position
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Anatomical position of the body when it is face down.
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Proximal
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Toward the root or attachment of a free extremity; nearer to the point of origin. (Move toward)
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Distal
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Away from the root or attachment of a free extremity; farther from the point of origin. (Move away)
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Structures of CNS (In)
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Structures of PNS (Out)
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Cranial and Spinal Nerves
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Cerebrum
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The cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
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Cerebral Cortex
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Cellular layer of the cerebellum.
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Basal Ganglia
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Group of subcortical nuclei (caudate, globus pallidus and putamen) located within the white matter in each cerebral hemisphere. Important in movement regulation.
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Diencephalon
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Inner part of the brain that lies between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Subcortical
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Beneath the cerebral cortex.
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Thalamus
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Major diencephalic structure located on either side of the third ventricle and medial to the internal capsules. Plays an important part in sensorimotor integration and projection to the cortex.
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Hypothalamus
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Diencephalic structure, located beneath the thalamus, that secretes hormones and regulates feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.
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Cerebellum
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Rhombencephalon derivative that serves as an important motor control center (afferent). More rhetoric than sensory. Receives all info from body, then synthesizes and analyzes info. (Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, Flocculomodular lobe)
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Brainstem
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Stem part of the brain, consisting of midbrain, pons, and medulla.
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Spinal Nerve
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Nerve of the spinal cord that innervates the body.
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Cranial Nerves
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The 12 pairs of nerves in the PNS that innervate buccofacial muscles and mediate sensations of vision, smell, and touch from face.
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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Division of the PNS consisting of somatic sensory (afferent) neurons and somatic motor (efferent) neurons.
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Somatic
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Relating to structures derived from a series of mesodermal somites, including skeletal muscles, bones, and dermis.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Division of the PNS with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Works subconsciously and innervates blood vessels, internal organs, and glands.
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Sympathetic System
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Anatomically and functionally distinct division of the Autonomic Nervous System with axonal projections from the thoracic and lumbar spinal regions. Concerned with the expenditure of body energy and with the regulation of bodily responses in flight-or-fight situations.
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Synapse
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Point of contact between two neurons where the neurotransmitter is released.
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Neurotransmitter
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One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and affects the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Also called a transmitter substance.
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Postsynaptic Neuron
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Neuronal surface located on the distal side of a synapse.
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Synaptic Cleft
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Point of junction between nerve cells.
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Impulse
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Action potential
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Action Potential
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Electrical impulse representing a transient fluctuation in membrane potentials, which are propagated along axonal process to activate postsynaptic terminals.
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Nerve Conduction
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Measure of impulse transmission between two points on a nerve for identifying peripheral nerve pathologies.
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Parasympathetic System
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Division of the Autonomic Nervous System with nuclei in the cranial and sacral region concerned with the conservation of body energy.
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Lobe
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Regional division of the brain bounded by fissures and sulci such as frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
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Sulcus (Sulci)
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Also called fissure. Includes the groove or furrow markings on the cortical surface.
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Fissure
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Groove region bordering the gyri on the brain surface, also called sulcus.
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Gyrus (Gyri)
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Elevated cortical regions between sulci and fissures.
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Central Sulcus (Fissure of Rolando)
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Begins at top of brain, midway between the front and the back; extends along the dorsolateral surface in a downward and rosral (anterior) direction. Ends at the lateral fissure. Marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
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Lateral Fissure (Sylvian Fissure)
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Prominent feature of dorsolateral surface of brain. Begins rostrally below the frontal pole and extends posteriorly up toward the inferior parietal lobe. Separates the frontal and temporal lobes (anteriorly), and extends partially between the parietal and temporal lobes (posteriorly).
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Precentral Gyus
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Rostral to the central sulcus; anterior boundary is precentral sulcus (runs parallel to central sulcus). Site of primary motor cortex; regulates fine and graded movements of arms, legs, and face.
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Four Lobes of the Brain
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Frontal (motor)
Parietal (sensory) Occipital (sight) Temporal (hearing) |
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Operculum
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Covering or lid of a specific area.
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Insular Cortex (Isle of Reil)
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Concealed within the depths of the lateral fissure by the overgrowth of the opercula of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Exposed when these opercula tissues are removed or spread apart.
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Subcortical Ares of CNS
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum (has 2 hemispheres- left/right, and 3 lobes) |
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Cingulate Gyrus
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Limbic-cortical structure that serves emotional, somatic, and autonomic functions. (surrounds corpus callosum)
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Corpus Callosum
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Largest bundle of axonal fibers that interconnects the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
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Plexus
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Network formed by the interconnected nerves from multiple spinal segments.
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Ventral Horn
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Motor info
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Cervical Plexus
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Ventral Rami; C1-C4. Phrenic nerve- diaphragm, shoulder muscles and neck.
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Brachial Plexus
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Ventral Rami; C5-C8. Radial nerve- triceps/arms extensors. Median nerve- forearm flexors. Ulnar nerve- wrist muscles.
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Lumbar Plexus
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Ventral Rami; L1-L4. Femoral nerve- low ab, but, anterior thigh.
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Sacral Plexus
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Ventral Rami; L4-S4. Sciatic nerve- low trunk, posterior surface of thigh and leg. Peroneal nerve- foot and lateral leg.
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Dorsal Horn
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Sensory info.
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Spinal Cord in Communication
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Respiration
Positioning Movement Sensation |
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Vertebral Column
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Meeting place of sensory and motor tracts.
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Nucleus
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Group of cell bodies in CNS
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Ganglion
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Group of nerve cells in PNS
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Cell body (Soma)
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Contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Dendrites
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Afferent fibers
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Axon
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Decides whether info is excitatory or inhibitory
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Nerve (cranial/spinal)
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Group of axons in PNS
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Tract (fasiculus)
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Group of axons in CNS (related to sensory in CNS)
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Motor
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Efferent (send info; axon)
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Sensory
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Afferent (receive info; dendrite)
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Neuron (nerve cell)
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Basic building block in brain that communicate with each other; create, synthesize, receive and transmit electrical impulses.
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Info
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Impulses from dendrites to soma (cell body), to axon.
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Myelin
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Sheath of lipid and cell membrane wrapped around an axon and contributes to the speed of impulse transmission.
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Caudal Equina
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Descending peripheral nerves.
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Conus Medullaris
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Terminal point of spinal cord.
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Foramen Magnum
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Hole in base of skull.
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Upper Motor Neurons
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Neurons within the spinal cord (CNS)
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Lower Motor Neurons
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Neurons coming out of the spinal cord (PNS)
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C1/C2
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Head/neck
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C3
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Diaphragm (Respiration)
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Thoracic
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Chest/Abs
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Lumbar
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Legs
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severe mental retardation, microphthalm microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, abnormal forebrain structures, polydactyly, congenital heart disease. Death usually occurs within 1 year of birth.
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Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13)
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White Matter
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Contains axon fibers (ascending and descending; outer part of cord)
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Gray Matter
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Clumps of cell bodies; central part of cord- Ventral Horn)
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Alpha Motor Neurons
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Part of gray matter. Cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are in ventral horn. (Axons pass through spinal nerves to innervate skeletal muscles)
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Postcentral Gyrus AKA Primary Sensory Cortex
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All somatic sensation received. Located in parietal lobe.
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First Order Neuron
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Always begins in DRG
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Proprioception
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Awareness of limb position in space.
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Kinesthesia
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Awareness of limb movement.
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Postcentral Gyrus AKA Primary Sensory Cortex
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All somatic sensation received. Located in parietal lobe.
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First Order Neuron
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Always begins in DRG
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Second Order Neuron
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Depends on type of sensory info; one in spinal cord, one in brain.
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Proprioception
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Awareness of limb position in space.
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Kinesthesia
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Awareness of limb movement.
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal System (Epicritic System)
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Fine discriminative touch, vibration, limb position, kinesthesia, and deep pressure.
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Anteriolateral System (Protopathic System)
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Further divided into the lateral spinothalmic tract (pain and temperature) and the anterior spinothalmic tract (high threshold and poorly non-localized touch)
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Stereognosis
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Identification of objects through tactual manipulation.
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Graphesthesia
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Recognition of figures and numbers written on the body.
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Fasciculus gracilis
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Mediates discriminative touch from lower half of body.
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Fasciculus cuneatus
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Mediates discriminative touch from upper half of body.
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Internal Arcuate Fibers (2nd order fibers)
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Crossing fibers of the dorsal column medial lemniscal system at the medulla that form the medial lemniscus.
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Internal Capsule
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Collection of ascending and descending fibers at the diencephalic level.
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Medial Lemniscus Fibers
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Fibers that have already crossed over.
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Nucleus proprius/Substantia Gelatinosa
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2nd order neuron synapse site for crude touch.
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Pyramidal Tract (direct motor system). Originates.
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Proved direct input (activation) to the muscles. Pyramidal nuclei. UPPER MOTOR
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Extrapyramidal Tract (indirect motor system). Refines.
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Provide input to the motor activity creating smooth and coordinated movements. Cerebrum, brainstem, basal ganglia.
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Corticospinal (direct motor system- Pyramidal Tract)
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Cortex to spinal cord. Arises from upper 2/3 of primary motor cortex. May also start pre-motor or sensory cortex. Descend through coronal radiata, then down into internal capsule (projection fibers), then pass through brain stem, then cross over at caudal end of medulla (90% of fibers cross over). Continue on to spinal cord.
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Corticobulbar (direct motor system- Pyramidal Tract)
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Cortex to brainstem.
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Upper Motor Neurons
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CNS
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Lower Motor Neurons
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PNS; final common pathway
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Epsilateral
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Same side
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Lateral Corticospinal Tract
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Control of muscles during delicate, skilled manipulation of the fingers, toes and forearms. (90% of fibers crossed over- already crossed)
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Anterior Corticospinal Tract
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Regulate movements of axial (truunk) and girdle. (Remaining 10% of fibers- crossing over now)
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Bilateral Innervation
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Both hemispheres (for protection)
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Unilateral Innveration
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One hemisphere.
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Contralateral
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Cross over (stronger)
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Muscle Unit
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All of the muscle fibers innvervated by a single LMN.
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Motor Unit
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LMN plus all of its associated muscle fibers; motor cell body/soma, efferent fibers/axon, motor end plate (neuromuscular junction), and muscle fibers.
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Motor Cell Body
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Located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
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Efferent Fiber
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Axon
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Motor End Plate
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AKA Neuromuscular Junction (if damaged, weakens muscle)
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Reflexes
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Bypass the higher cognitive centers for immediate motor responses driven by sensory stimuli. (Some sensory info stays instead of travelling due to reflexes)
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Olfactory Tract
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Axon bundle extending from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe.
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Primary Central Gryus AKA Primary Motor Cortex
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Precentral Gyri
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Primary Somatosensory AKA Parietal Cortex
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Postcentral Gyri
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Primary Visual Area
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W/in occipital lobe.
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Cerebellum
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More rhetoric than sensory; all info from body, then synthesize and analyze.
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3 Lobes of Cerebellum
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Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe Flocculomodular lobe |
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Ventricular System
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Fluid filled cavities of CNS. All four lobes. 2 different lateral ventricles, then 3rd and 4th ventricles. CSF made here (most produced in lateral, some in 4th (cerebellum, pons, medulla), none in 3rd-at level of thalamus/hypothalamus. Circle around CNS.
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Choroid Plexus
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Pia-capillary network invaginated in ventricles. Produces CSF
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Internal Capsule
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Collection of ascending and descending fibers at the diencephalic level. Separates Basal Ganglia from thalamus.
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Arachnoid Granulations (villi)
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Flower-shaped structures that drain CSF from subarachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus.
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