• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/137

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Rostral (Cerebrum)
Near front of head.
Rostral (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
Near or toward brain.
Caudal (Cerebrum)
Back of brain or head.
Caudal (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
Coccygeal end of spinal cord.
Dorsal (Cerebrum)
Top of brain.
Dorsal (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
Back of brainstem or spinal cord.
Ventral (Cerebrum)
Bottom of brain.
Ventral (Brainstem and Spinal Cord)
Belly or anterior in quadrupeds and bipeds.
Coronal
Vertical section into front (rostral) and back (caudal).
Sagittal
Vertical division into left and right.
Midsagittal
Vertical division into two equal parts.
Transverse
Diagonal to cross-plane at curving brainstem. (Horizontal)
Lateral
Structures away from midline.
Medial
Structures toward midline.
Supine Position
Anatomical position of the body when it is face up.
Prone Position
Anatomical position of the body when it is face down.
Proximal
Toward the root or attachment of a free extremity; nearer to the point of origin. (Move toward)
Distal
Away from the root or attachment of a free extremity; farther from the point of origin. (Move away)
Structures of CNS (In)
Brain and Spinal Cord
Structures of PNS (Out)
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Cerebrum
The cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
Cerebral Cortex
Cellular layer of the cerebellum.
Basal Ganglia
Group of subcortical nuclei (caudate, globus pallidus and putamen) located within the white matter in each cerebral hemisphere. Important in movement regulation.
Diencephalon
Inner part of the brain that lies between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Subcortical
Beneath the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
Major diencephalic structure located on either side of the third ventricle and medial to the internal capsules. Plays an important part in sensorimotor integration and projection to the cortex.
Hypothalamus
Diencephalic structure, located beneath the thalamus, that secretes hormones and regulates feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.
Cerebellum
Rhombencephalon derivative that serves as an important motor control center (afferent). More rhetoric than sensory. Receives all info from body, then synthesizes and analyzes info. (Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, Flocculomodular lobe)
Brainstem
Stem part of the brain, consisting of midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Spinal Nerve
Nerve of the spinal cord that innervates the body.
Cranial Nerves
The 12 pairs of nerves in the PNS that innervate buccofacial muscles and mediate sensations of vision, smell, and touch from face.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Division of the PNS consisting of somatic sensory (afferent) neurons and somatic motor (efferent) neurons.
Somatic
Relating to structures derived from a series of mesodermal somites, including skeletal muscles, bones, and dermis.
Autonomic Nervous System
Division of the PNS with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Works subconsciously and innervates blood vessels, internal organs, and glands.
Sympathetic System
Anatomically and functionally distinct division of the Autonomic Nervous System with axonal projections from the thoracic and lumbar spinal regions. Concerned with the expenditure of body energy and with the regulation of bodily responses in flight-or-fight situations.
Synapse
Point of contact between two neurons where the neurotransmitter is released.
Neurotransmitter
One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and affects the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Also called a transmitter substance.
Postsynaptic Neuron
Neuronal surface located on the distal side of a synapse.
Synaptic Cleft
Point of junction between nerve cells.
Impulse
Action potential
Action Potential
Electrical impulse representing a transient fluctuation in membrane potentials, which are propagated along axonal process to activate postsynaptic terminals.
Nerve Conduction
Measure of impulse transmission between two points on a nerve for identifying peripheral nerve pathologies.
Parasympathetic System
Division of the Autonomic Nervous System with nuclei in the cranial and sacral region concerned with the conservation of body energy.
Lobe
Regional division of the brain bounded by fissures and sulci such as frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
Sulcus (Sulci)
Also called fissure. Includes the groove or furrow markings on the cortical surface.
Fissure
Groove region bordering the gyri on the brain surface, also called sulcus.
Gyrus (Gyri)
Elevated cortical regions between sulci and fissures.
Central Sulcus (Fissure of Rolando)
Begins at top of brain, midway between the front and the back; extends along the dorsolateral surface in a downward and rosral (anterior) direction. Ends at the lateral fissure. Marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
Lateral Fissure (Sylvian Fissure)
Prominent feature of dorsolateral surface of brain. Begins rostrally below the frontal pole and extends posteriorly up toward the inferior parietal lobe. Separates the frontal and temporal lobes (anteriorly), and extends partially between the parietal and temporal lobes (posteriorly).
Precentral Gyus
Rostral to the central sulcus; anterior boundary is precentral sulcus (runs parallel to central sulcus). Site of primary motor cortex; regulates fine and graded movements of arms, legs, and face.
Four Lobes of the Brain
Frontal (motor)
Parietal (sensory)
Occipital (sight)
Temporal (hearing)
Operculum
Covering or lid of a specific area.
Insular Cortex (Isle of Reil)
Concealed within the depths of the lateral fissure by the overgrowth of the opercula of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Exposed when these opercula tissues are removed or spread apart.
Subcortical Ares of CNS
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum (has 2 hemispheres- left/right, and 3 lobes)
Cingulate Gyrus
Limbic-cortical structure that serves emotional, somatic, and autonomic functions. (surrounds corpus callosum)
Corpus Callosum
Largest bundle of axonal fibers that interconnects the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Plexus
Network formed by the interconnected nerves from multiple spinal segments.
Ventral Horn
Motor info
Cervical Plexus
Ventral Rami; C1-C4. Phrenic nerve- diaphragm, shoulder muscles and neck.
Brachial Plexus
Ventral Rami; C5-C8. Radial nerve- triceps/arms extensors. Median nerve- forearm flexors. Ulnar nerve- wrist muscles.
Lumbar Plexus
Ventral Rami; L1-L4. Femoral nerve- low ab, but, anterior thigh.
Sacral Plexus
Ventral Rami; L4-S4. Sciatic nerve- low trunk, posterior surface of thigh and leg. Peroneal nerve- foot and lateral leg.
Dorsal Horn
Sensory info.
Spinal Cord in Communication
Respiration
Positioning
Movement
Sensation
Vertebral Column
Meeting place of sensory and motor tracts.
Nucleus
Group of cell bodies in CNS
Ganglion
Group of nerve cells in PNS
Cell body (Soma)
Contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
Dendrites
Afferent fibers
Axon
Decides whether info is excitatory or inhibitory
Nerve (cranial/spinal)
Group of axons in PNS
Tract (fasiculus)
Group of axons in CNS (related to sensory in CNS)
Motor
Efferent (send info; axon)
Sensory
Afferent (receive info; dendrite)
Neuron (nerve cell)
Basic building block in brain that communicate with each other; create, synthesize, receive and transmit electrical impulses.
Info
Impulses from dendrites to soma (cell body), to axon.
Myelin
Sheath of lipid and cell membrane wrapped around an axon and contributes to the speed of impulse transmission.
Caudal Equina
Descending peripheral nerves.
Conus Medullaris
Terminal point of spinal cord.
Foramen Magnum
Hole in base of skull.
Upper Motor Neurons
Neurons within the spinal cord (CNS)
Lower Motor Neurons
Neurons coming out of the spinal cord (PNS)
C1/C2
Head/neck
C3
Diaphragm (Respiration)
Thoracic
Chest/Abs
Lumbar
Legs
severe mental retardation, microphthalm microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, abnormal forebrain structures, polydactyly, congenital heart disease. Death usually occurs within 1 year of birth.
Patau’s syndrome (trisomy 13)
White Matter
Contains axon fibers (ascending and descending; outer part of cord)
Gray Matter
Clumps of cell bodies; central part of cord- Ventral Horn)
Alpha Motor Neurons
Part of gray matter. Cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are in ventral horn. (Axons pass through spinal nerves to innervate skeletal muscles)
Postcentral Gyrus AKA Primary Sensory Cortex
All somatic sensation received. Located in parietal lobe.
First Order Neuron
Always begins in DRG
Proprioception
Awareness of limb position in space.
Kinesthesia
Awareness of limb movement.
Postcentral Gyrus AKA Primary Sensory Cortex
All somatic sensation received. Located in parietal lobe.
First Order Neuron
Always begins in DRG
Second Order Neuron
Depends on type of sensory info; one in spinal cord, one in brain.
Proprioception
Awareness of limb position in space.
Kinesthesia
Awareness of limb movement.
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal System (Epicritic System)
Fine discriminative touch, vibration, limb position, kinesthesia, and deep pressure.
Anteriolateral System (Protopathic System)
Further divided into the lateral spinothalmic tract (pain and temperature) and the anterior spinothalmic tract (high threshold and poorly non-localized touch)
Stereognosis
Identification of objects through tactual manipulation.
Graphesthesia
Recognition of figures and numbers written on the body.
Fasciculus gracilis
Mediates discriminative touch from lower half of body.
Fasciculus cuneatus
Mediates discriminative touch from upper half of body.
Internal Arcuate Fibers (2nd order fibers)
Crossing fibers of the dorsal column medial lemniscal system at the medulla that form the medial lemniscus.
Internal Capsule
Collection of ascending and descending fibers at the diencephalic level.
Medial Lemniscus Fibers
Fibers that have already crossed over.
Nucleus proprius/Substantia Gelatinosa
2nd order neuron synapse site for crude touch.
Pyramidal Tract (direct motor system). Originates.
Proved direct input (activation) to the muscles. Pyramidal nuclei. UPPER MOTOR
Extrapyramidal Tract (indirect motor system). Refines.
Provide input to the motor activity creating smooth and coordinated movements. Cerebrum, brainstem, basal ganglia.
Corticospinal (direct motor system- Pyramidal Tract)
Cortex to spinal cord. Arises from upper 2/3 of primary motor cortex. May also start pre-motor or sensory cortex. Descend through coronal radiata, then down into internal capsule (projection fibers), then pass through brain stem, then cross over at caudal end of medulla (90% of fibers cross over). Continue on to spinal cord.
Corticobulbar (direct motor system- Pyramidal Tract)
Cortex to brainstem.
Upper Motor Neurons
CNS
Lower Motor Neurons
PNS; final common pathway
Epsilateral
Same side
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Control of muscles during delicate, skilled manipulation of the fingers, toes and forearms. (90% of fibers crossed over- already crossed)
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Regulate movements of axial (truunk) and girdle. (Remaining 10% of fibers- crossing over now)
Bilateral Innervation
Both hemispheres (for protection)
Unilateral Innveration
One hemisphere.
Contralateral
Cross over (stronger)
Muscle Unit
All of the muscle fibers innvervated by a single LMN.
Motor Unit
LMN plus all of its associated muscle fibers; motor cell body/soma, efferent fibers/axon, motor end plate (neuromuscular junction), and muscle fibers.
Motor Cell Body
Located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Efferent Fiber
Axon
Motor End Plate
AKA Neuromuscular Junction (if damaged, weakens muscle)
Reflexes
Bypass the higher cognitive centers for immediate motor responses driven by sensory stimuli. (Some sensory info stays instead of travelling due to reflexes)
Olfactory Tract
Axon bundle extending from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe.
Primary Central Gryus AKA Primary Motor Cortex
Precentral Gyri
Primary Somatosensory AKA Parietal Cortex
Postcentral Gyri
Primary Visual Area
W/in occipital lobe.
Cerebellum
More rhetoric than sensory; all info from body, then synthesize and analyze.
3 Lobes of Cerebellum
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculomodular lobe
Ventricular System
Fluid filled cavities of CNS. All four lobes. 2 different lateral ventricles, then 3rd and 4th ventricles. CSF made here (most produced in lateral, some in 4th (cerebellum, pons, medulla), none in 3rd-at level of thalamus/hypothalamus. Circle around CNS.
Choroid Plexus
Pia-capillary network invaginated in ventricles. Produces CSF
Internal Capsule
Collection of ascending and descending fibers at the diencephalic level. Separates Basal Ganglia from thalamus.
Arachnoid Granulations (villi)
Flower-shaped structures that drain CSF from subarachnoid space into the superior sagittal sinus.