Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
encephalopathy + ophthalmoplegia + ataxia = ?? treatment??
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy; treat with IV thiamine
|
|
encephalopathy + ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + amnesia = ?? treatment??
|
Korsakoff's dementia; damage is irreversible
|
|
how does closed-angle glaucoma present and what temporizing measures can be done?
|
usually unilateral, fast onset, intraocular pressure increases; give them acetazolamine to temporarily lower pressure; laser treatment is definitive
|
|
how is open-angle glaucoma different than closed angle on presentation?
|
it is usually slower onset, always getting new prescription glasses, bilaterl
|
|
what is the leading cause of permanent blindness in the elderly?
|
macular degeneration
|
|
how does macular degeneration present?
|
painless loss of central vision
|
|
sudden, painless, unilateral blindness with cherry-red spot on fovea = ??
|
central retinal artery occlusion
|
|
rapid onset, painless vision loss on one side = ??
|
central vein retinal occlusion; arterial occlusions are sudden onset as opposed to venous are rapid onset
|
|
treatment for Guillain-Barre sx
|
plasmapheresis and IVIG; do not give steroids
|
|
what disease affects both upper and lower motor neurons?
|
ALS
|
|
are most CNS tumors primary or metastatic?
|
metastatic
|
|
most common primary CNS tumors in adults
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
most common primary CNS tumors in children
|
medulloblastomas and astrocytomas
|
|
where are most brain tumors in adults located?
|
2/3 are supratentorial
|
|
where are most brain tumors in children located?
|
2/3 are infratentorial
|
|
what disease is associated with bilateral acoustic neuromas and a defective gene on chromosome 22?
|
neurofibramatosis 2
|
|
ashleaf spots (hypopigmented lesions) + shagreen patch + lesions enhance under Woods lamp = ??
|
tuberous sclerosis
|
|
what tumor is tuberous sclerosis associated with?
|
rhabdomyoma of heart
|
|
cafe-au-lait spots + freckles on axilla/groin + optic glioma + lisch nodules = ??
|
neurofibromatosis 1, aka von Recklinghausens syndrome
|
|
what causes aphasia?
|
an insult to the dominant hemisphere
|
|
blockage of which artery is typically associated with Brocas aphasia?
|
left superior MCA
|
|
blockage of which artery is typically associated with Wernickes aphasia?
|
inferior/posterior MCA
|
|
what is Broca's aphasia?
|
disorder of language production but intact comprehension; expressive aphasia
|
|
what is Wernicke's aphasia?
|
disorder of language comprehension with intact but non-sensical production
|
|
what test is the gold standard for a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
4-vessel angiography
|
|
what causes a subdural hematoma?
|
rupture of the bridging veins
|
|
how does a subdural hematoma present on CT?
|
crescent-shaped, concave hyperdensity on CT
|
|
how does a epidural hematoma present on CT?
|
lens-shaped, convex hyperdensity limited by sutures
|
|
how does a intraparchenchymal hematoma present on CT?
|
irregular-shaped hyperdensity with midline shift of choroid plexus
|
|
what is Todd's paralysis?
|
focal weakness in a part of the body after a partial seizure
|
|
how does an absence seizure present on EEG?
|
3 second per spike and wave discharges
|
|
what do you see on autopsy with Alzheimers?
|
neurofibrally tangles, neuritic plaques, amyloid deposition
|
|
what is the most common cause of death in an Alzheimer's patient?
|
death due to aspiration pneumonia
|
|
what do you see on MRI with Huntingtons?
|
atrophy of caudate and putamen
|
|
what causes Parkinsons?
|
dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra
|
|
scanning speech + intranuclear ophthalmoplegia + nystagmus = ??
|
triad for multiple sclerosis
|
|
muscular weakness that resolves with rest is classic for what?
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
what can pseudotumor cerebri lead to if untreated?
|
blindness
|
|
afebrile patient with rapidly ascending paralysis without sensory abnormalities = ??
|
tick-borne illness
|
|
ipsilateral oculomotor nerve injury with trauma indicates what?
|
uncal herniation
|
|
absence versus complex partial seizure...
EEG does not respond to hyperventilation |
complex partial seizure
|
|
what defines brain death?
|
1. absent cranial nerve reflexes
2. fixed and dilated pupils 3. no spontaneous breaths for 10 minutes 4. 2 physicians in agreement |
|
intense retro-orbital pain with sudden onset that awakes someone from sleep
|
cluster headache
|
|
best long-term treatment for myasthenia gravis
|
thymectomy
|
|
treatment for essential tremor
|
beta-blocker or primidone
|
|
what may primidone cause?
|
acute intermittent porphyria
|
|
hemi-sensory loss with severe dysthesia of affected area = what type of stroke?
|
thalamic stroke
|
|
personality changes + compulsive behaviors + impaired memory = ?? (typically in older person)
|
Picks dementia (frontal-temporal dementia)
|
|
ipsilateral ataxia + nystagmus + intention tremors + loss of coordination = ??
|
cerebellar tumor
|
|
how is neurofibromatosis transmitted?
|
autosomal dominant
|
|
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?
|
occurs due to damage to the lateral spinothalamic tract causing contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation 2-segments below the lesion
|
|
what do you see on MRI with multiple sclerosis?
|
bilateral, multifocal, asymmetric contrast enhancement in periventricular white matter
|
|
uncontrolled HTN + focal neurological signs = what must you rule out?
|
parenchymal hemorrhage
|
|
hyperreflexia + fasciculations = ??
|
ALS
|
|
multiple sclerosis causes what ophthalmic problem and what is the reason for it?
|
internuclear ophthalmoplegia due to demyelination of medial longitudinal fasciculations
|
|
what electrolyte abnormality occurs with a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
cerebral salt-wasting syndrome, hyponatremia, SIADH
|
|
a 6 year old girl should be able to do what things for development?
|
ride bike, copy triangle, knows right from left
|
|
what level of stenosis is an indication for a carotid endartectomy?
|
60-99% blockage
|
|
most common cause of non-traumatic SAH
|
rupture of saccular aneurysm
|
|
areflexic weakness in the upper extremities with cape-like anesthesia
|
must rule out syringomyelia
|
|
treatment for trigeminal neuralgia
|
carbamazepine
|
|
what is the number one risk factor for amaurosis fugax?
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
what is the best test to determine carotid flow?
|
carotid doppler or MRA
|
|
what genetic mutation is association with Alzheimers?
|
alternation of apolipoprotein E4 allele
|
|
what do you look for on MRI with Alzheimers?
|
look for hippocampal and medial temporal lobe assymetry
|
|
antidote for mercury poisoning
|
dimercaprol
|
|
treatment for organophosphate toxicity
|
atropine or pralidoxine
|
|
treatment for post-dural headache
|
epidural blood patch
|
|
treatment for deep aching associated with post-herpetic neuralgia
|
amitriptyline
|
|
most common cause of syringomyelia
|
Arnold-Chiari malformation
|
|
what is Becks syndrome?
|
occlusion of the anterior spinal artery
|
|
transient hearing loss in one ear + tinnitus + vertigo = ??
|
Meniere's disease
|
|
what is amaurosis fugax?
|
transient monocular blindness due to carotid emboli occluding the ophthalmic artery
|
|
what do you see histologically with Alzheimers?
|
neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques
|
|
what do you see on imaging with dementia?
|
enlarged lateral ventricles
|
|
treatment for heat stroke
|
cover patient in ice-water soaked sheets
|
|
most common location for cerebral venous thrombosis
|
superior saggital sinus
|
|
horrible headache + vomiting + papilledema + focal neurological signs without changes in mental status = ?? what increases risk for this?
|
must r/o CVT, higher risk if patient is on OCPs
|
|
first line treatment for cerebral venous thrombosis
|
heparin and warfarin
|
|
treatment for anti-cholinergic toxicity
|
physostigmine
|
|
ataxia + hallucinations + seizures + "sweet breath" = ??
|
ethylene glycol toxicity
|
|
treatment for ethylene glycol
|
treat with competitive binding via ethanol and formepizole
|
|
name the alternate term for the vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12
|
B1 = thiamine
B2 = riboflavin B3 = niacin B6 = pyridoxine B12 = cobalamin |
|
what do you see on LP with Guillain-Barre syndrome for protein, pressure and glucose?
|
increased protein
normal pressure normal glucose |
|
what symptoms does salicylate toxicity initially present with?
|
tinnitus and dizziness
|
|
what do you see on ABG with salicylate toxicity?
|
mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis
|
|
most common artery ruptured with an epidural hematoma?
|
middle meningial artery
|
|
what do you see histologically with Parkinsons?
|
Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra
|
|
how does a cluster headache present?
|
typically a young male with pain localized behind/around one eye
|
|
what type of drug is clonidine and what is a common side effect?
|
alpha-2 blocker; orthostatic hypotension
|
|
definition of orthostatic hypotension
|
decrease in blood pressure by 20/10 after going from seated to standing over 3 minutes
|
|
antidote for methanol toxicity
|
fomepizole
|
|
antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity
|
fomepizole
|
|
treatment for black widow spider bite
|
treat with calcium gluconate
|
|
empiric treatment for bacterial meningitis
|
vanco and ceftriaxone
|
|
LE weakness + finger dysethesias + 2-4 weeks post-URI/GI infection = ??
|
Guillain-Barre syndrome
|
|
treatment for Guillain-Barre syndrome
|
plasmapheresis and IVIG
|