Neurology

Front 1

Concentration Gradient:

always more Na+, K+, Cl- ions
in or outside the cell?

Back 1

more Na out of cell

more K inside cell

more Cl out of cell

Front 2

voltage (V) (membrane potential)

Back 2

separation of charge across a membrane

Front 3

current

Back 3

flux or flow of and ion

-ampheres (I)

Front 4

Hyperpolarization

Back 4

when Voltage in cell becomes more negative

happens when cell membrane becomes more permeable to K+

Front 5

Concentration Gradient is maintained by:

Back 5

Na/K pump (uses ATP)

Front 6

Depolarization

Back 6

When voltage in the cell becomes more positive

happens when cell membrane becomes more permeable to Na+

Front 7

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Eqn:

Back 7

60mV log *
[Pna[na]o+Pk[k]o+Pcl[cl]i]
-----------------------
[Pna[na]i+pk[k]i+Pcl[cl]o]

takes into account concentration of ions
and permeability of membrane to ions

Front 8

voltage gated ion channels

Back 8

are ion specific, throughout length of axon

Front 9

K leaky gated ion channel

Back 9

k leaks out of cell, according to concentration gradient

are open at rest only

Front 10

2 Na+ voltage gated ion channels
and
1 K+ voltage gated ion channel

Back 10

Na+ activation gate (m3)

Na+ inactivation gate (h) = plug

K+ activation gate (n4)

Front 11

scorpion and snake venom

Back 11

prevents Na+ inactivation gate (h) from closing.

Front 12

Bee sting

Back 12

blocks K+ activation

Front 13

Action potential:
REST
Vm at rest= -70mv

Back 13

m3 is closed
h is open
n4 is closed

K+ leaky gates are open
so K+ exits the cell
and cell is close to Vk (hyperpolarized)

Front 14

Action Potential:
UPSTROKE
depolarization to threshold

Back 14

m3 open
h open
n4 closed

so now Na goes in cell and it becomes more + (depolarized)

Front 15

The highest (most depolarized) the cell can get =

Back 15

Vna

Front 16

Action Potential:
DOWNSTROKE
Hyperpolarization

Back 16

m3 open
h close
n4 open

K leaves cell and cell hyperpolarizes (becomes more negative)

Front 17

Action Potential
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
from undershoot to Vrest

Back 17

m3 close
h close
n4 close

no AP possible because all are closed

can go as low as Vk

But leaky K+ gate open so goes back to Vrest

Front 18

scorpion venom
and snake

Back 18

keeps h open
so upstroke plateau
seizures

Front 19

TTX from pufferfish

Back 19

permanently blocks Na+ channels

Front 20

Frontal Lobe function

Back 20

personality
motor
LTM

Front 21

Parietal Lobe

Back 21

somatosensory
pain temp taste pressure touch vibration

Front 22

occipital

Back 22

vision

Front 23

temporal

Back 23

hearing
STM

Front 24

insular

Back 24

olfaction
limbic

Front 25

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 25

separates L and R hemispheres

Front 26

Central Sulcus

Back 26

separates Frontal and Parietal

Front 27

Pre-Central Gyrus

Back 27

Primary Motor Cortex

Front 28

Post-Central Gyrus

Back 28

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Front 29

Lateral Sulcus

Back 29

separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobe

Front 30

superior temporal gyrus (STG)

Back 30

primary auditory cortex
ie transverse gyrus of Heschl

Front 31

Uncus/ Piriform cortex

Back 31

primary olfactory cortex

Front 32

gray matter v.s. white matter

Back 32

gray = collection of cell bodies

white = collection of axons

Front 33

Subcortical Structures on caudal aspect

Back 33

optic nerve, chiasm, tract
pituitary gland
mamillary bodies (limbic system)
oculomotor nv
cerebral peduncles/ crus cerebri

Front 34

pons

Back 34

big flat area on Ventral side

Front 35

Medulla Oblongata

Back 35

precursor to spinal cord

pyramids
inferior olives (next to pyramids)

Front 36

thalamus

Back 36

on Dorsal side
filters all sensory info

Front 37

Dorsal Aspect

Back 37

*pineal gland/body
*sup colliculi (secondary vision- coordinates head and eye movement)
*inferior colliculi (secondary hearing)
*trochlear nv

Front 38

Main Blood Supply

Back 38

2 vertebrals
and
2 internal carotid arteries

Front 39

Blood Supply from Vertebrals

Back 39

1 anterior spinal aa
2 dorsal spinal aa
2 PICA (post cerebellar aa)
to Basillar

Front 40

Blood Supply from Basilar
(at beginning of PONS)

Back 40

2 AICA (ant inf cerebellar aa)
2 CN III
2 PCA (post cerebral aa)

* 2 post comm aa come of PCA

Front 41

Internal Carotid aa

Back 41

become MCAs (middle cerebral aa) which follow the lat sulcus and supply the lat aspects of the brain.

Front 42

Circle of Willis:

Back 42

1 ant communicating aa
2 ACA (ant cerebral aa)
2 internal carotid aa
-opthalmic aa comes off
2 Post Comm aa
2 PCA (Post cerebral aa)
-off Basilar aa

Front 43

Which lobes do the cerebral arteries supply/:
ACA
MCA
PCA

Back 43

ACA- medial aspects of all lobes but occipital

MCA- lateral aspects of all lobes except occipital

PCA- occipital

*MCA and ACA anastamose

Front 44

Opthalmic artery
- comes off
- supplies

Back 44

comes of internal carotid artery (MCA)

supplies the eye ball

Front 45

Radicular arteries:

Back 45

1 ant spinal a and
2 post spinal aa
anastamose

Front 46

action potential is faster if

Back 46

axon has larger diameter
and
axon is myelinated

Front 47

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 47

autoimmune d/s: attack your oligo's in CNS (not schwann in PNS), so slows conduction of APs, and since ions leak out of axon there isn't enough voltage change to activate m3 channels once gets there.

Front 48

CNS neurons can't regenerate

Back 48

astrocytes inc in # (proliferation)
astrocytes in in size (hypertrophy
astrocy secrete more growth factor
BUT there is permanent astroglial scarring so cell dies!

Front 49

PNS neurons can regenerate if cell body still intact

Back 49

schwan cells proliferate, hypertrophy, secrete more growth factor too.

but they also create collagen and remylinate the axon

and the macrophages eat debri

Front 50

ACh (acetylcholine)
- chemical pathway

Back 50

mitochondria make Acetyl CoA

acetyl co-a + choline ---acetylcholine transferase--->
ACh ---acetylcholinesterase--->
choline + acetate

Front 51

ACh
- limiting factor
- nucleus in brain
-important for

Back 51

- choline
- Basal Optic Nucleus of Meynert
-important for LTM and NMJ
-also leads to NE which is important for STM

Front 52

Myesthenia Gravis

Back 52

ACh receptors don't work
so give meds to block acetylcholinesterase so ACh doesn't get broken down and Post synaptic receptors that do work have more time to get ACh.

*in a healthy person the med's would cause spasms

Front 53

Fast and slow receptors for ACh

Back 53

fast = nicotinic (fires EPSPs)

slow = muscarinic (agonist)

*shrooms are permanent muscarinic

Front 54

Altzeimer's

Back 54

lack ACh production so give them choline. the choline binds to Acetyl Co-A to make ACh

Front 55

Dopamine
- is an "Amine" b/c is derived from an Amino Acid

Back 55

tyrosine---tryrosine hydroxylase--> L-Dopa --> DA --> NE --> epinephrine (adrenaline)

Front 56

Parkinson's

Back 56

give L-Dopa b/c DA doesn't travel through BBB

Front 57

Dopamine
-location
-important for

Back 57

released by Pars Compacta of the Substantia Nigra
- Parkinsons
- addiction (cocaine increases DA)

Front 58

Serotonin

Back 58

tryptophan--5 hydroxy tryptophan (5HT)-->histadine-->histamine

Front 59

Glutamate and Asparate

Back 59

excitatory NTs
-too much glutamate causes adult seizures

Front 60

GABA

Back 60

an inhibitory NT in adults
but excitatory in babys
-causes seizure in baby's
-prevents unwanted motor in adults

Front 61

How does GABA prevent unwanted motor in adults?

Back 61

it is released by the Striatum (caudate and putamen) and travels to pars reticulata of the substantia nigra

Front 62

Supstance P

Back 62

is a peptide PT occuring in the substantia nigra that is used for SLOW PAIN

Front 63

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

Back 63

In the forebrain (frontal lobe)
- for long term memory
- releases ACh
- altzeimer's

Front 64

Pars Compacta of Substantia Nigra

Back 64

in midbrain (where colliculi are)
- releases DA
- parkinson's
- addiction

Front 65

Locus Coerulus

Back 65

found in M.O. and Pons
- NE
- important for STM

Front 66

Raphe nucleus

Back 66

found in M.O. and Pons
- 5HT (which leads to serotonin)
- consciousness
- sleep d/o
- depression

Front 67

Telencephalon

Back 67

5 lobes

Front 68

Diencephalon

Back 68

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Front 69

Mesencephalon

Back 69

Midbrain: pineal gland, crus cerebri, mamillary bodies, colliculi, optic nv/chiasm/tract

Front 70

Hind Brain/ Brainstem

Back 70

Pons, M.O.

* cerebellum is here but separate anatomically/functionally

Front 71

3 layers of Meninges

Back 71

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

Front 72

Denticulate Ligaments

Back 72

anchor the pia matter to the spinal cord (throughout the length of the S.C.)

Front 73

Filum Terminale

Back 73

pure pia matter
prevents

Front 74

Rexed Lamina I

Back 74

marginal nucleus
for fast pain

Front 75

R.L. II

Back 75

substantia gelatinosa
for slow pain

Front 76

R.L. III

Back 76

nucleus proprius
for fast pain

Front 77

R.L. IV

Back 77

nucleus dorsalis
for slow pain

Front 78

R.L. V, VI

Back 78

interneurons

Front 79

R.L. VII

Back 79

clarke's nuc
coopersharington nuc
centrobasal nuc
intermediate lateral horn (IML)

Front 80

R.L. VIII, IX

Back 80

motor nuclei

Front 81

R.L. X

Back 81

central gray nuclei

Front 82

Dorsal Horn

Intermediate Horn

Ant Horn

Back 82

R.L. I-IV

R.L. V-VII

R.L. VIII-IX

Front 83

Epicritic
-dorsal column

Back 83

sensory system for fine touch:
Nucleus Gracilis and
Nucleus Cuneatus
Travel in the Medial Lemniscus
to the VPL of the Thalamus

Front 84

Protopathic
- ALS (anterolateral column)

Back 84

sensory system for pain and temp:
Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular
RL interneurons
decussates at AWC
to thalamus (VPL or nonspecific)

Front 85

DCST (descending corticospinal tract)

Back 85

LSCT (80%)
VSCT (20%)

LCST decussates at pyramids
VCST decussates at AWC

Front 86

AWC

Back 86

spinoreticular
DCST

Front 87

DCRST
descending corticoReticularSpinal Tract

Back 87

post limb IC
decussates to R.F.
reticulospinal tract to Ant to Ant column
RL 8 and 9 to NMJ

Front 88

mm spindle fibers
and
GTO fibers

Back 88

Ia and II

Ib

contain alpha, beta and gamma motor neuron signals

Front 89

Signs of LMN lesion

Back 89

hyporeflexia
mm atrophe
hypotonia
flacidity
eg polio
(ALS is both LMN and UMN)

Front 90

Signs of UMN lesion

Back 90

hyperreflexia
mm bulk preserved
hypertonia (stiff)
spasticity
eg. stroke, multiple sclerosis, parkinsons

Front 91

fibrillation

Back 91

UMN problem
single m fiber
can't see

Front 92

fasciculation

Back 92

UMN problem
motor unit
can see twitching

Front 93

clonus

Back 93

UMN problem
muscle firing on own because unwanted motor is not being dampened by CNS

Front 94

chorea

Back 94

UMN problem
whole body moving like snake
eg. huntington's (autosomal dominant)

Front 95

Left Hemisphere
secondary ctx problem
affected by L MCA

Back 95

Aphasia: Brocca's or Wernicke's
(both = global aphasia)
Alexia- reading
Agraphia- writing
Dyscalcula- math

Front 96

L and R Hemisphere
secondary ctx problem

Back 96

Amnesia - MCA or ACA
Apraxia- ACA- Corpus Collosum- problem following directions
Agnosia: tactile - ACA
auditory- MCA

Front 97

Amnesia
- anterograde
- retrograde

Back 97

anterograde- hippocampus- cant remember new memory

retrograde- frontal lobe- cant remember old memory

Front 98

3 Retinal layers

Back 98

1) Photoreceptor- secrete NT
2) Bipolar cell - secrete NT
3) Retinal Ganglion layer - sends AP down CN 2

Front 99

Fovea (visual macula)

Back 99

cones only, sharpest vision

Front 100

Photobleaching

Back 100

in dark: depolarized b/c cGMP props Na channel open
light: rhodopsin --photon--> opsin and trans retinal
energy released activates cGMP phosphodiesterase wich removes cGMP from Na channel, so becomes HYPERPOLARIZED and releases NT

Front 101

opsin vs retinal

Back 101

opsin = genetic
retinal = from diet (retinol from carrots easily converted to retinal)

Front 102

cuneus ctx

calcarine fissure

lingual ctx

Back 102

inf visual field

sup visual field

Front 103

Fibers in Lissaure's Zone

Back 103

A delta
C
Ia/II
Ib