Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what waveform is present when awake with eyes open?
|
beta
|
|
|
awake with eyes closed - what waveform?
|
alpha
|
|
|
stage 1/light sleep - what waveform?
|
theta
|
|
|
stage 2/deeper sleep - what waveform?
|
sleep spindles and K complexes
|
|
|
stage 3-4/deepest, non-REM sleep, sleepwalking, night terrors, bed-wetting (slow-wave) - what waveform?
|
delta - lowest frequency, highest amplitude
|
|
|
in what stage of sleep is there dreaming, loss of motor tone, possibly a memory processing function, erections, increased brain O2 use?
|
REM
|
|
|
what waveform is associated with REM sleep?
|
beta
|
|
|
serotonergic predominance of raphe nucleus is key to initiating what?
|
sleep
|
|
|
what neurotransmitter reduces REM sleep?
|
NE
|
|
|
what is responsible for the extraocular movements seen during REM sleep?
|
PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)
|
|
|
what drugs shorten stage 4 sleep? what are they therefore useful for?
|
benzodiazepines - night terrors and sleepwalking
|
|
|
why is imipramine used to treat enuresis?
|
because it decreases stage 4 sleep
|
|
|
what happens to pulse and BP during REM sleep?
|
increased and variable
|
|
|
how often does REM sleep occur?
|
every 90 minutes - duration increases throughout the night
|
|
|
what is the principal neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep?
|
ACh
|
|
|
where's the lesion: motor (nonfluent/expressive) aphasia with good comprehension
|
Broca's area
|
|
|
where's the lesion: sensory (fluent/receptive) aphasia with poor comprehension
|
Wernicke's area
|
|
|
where's the lesion: conduction aphasia; poor repetition with good comprehension, fluid speech
|
arcuate fasciculus
|
|
|
where's the lesion: Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
|
bilateral amygdala
|
|
|
where's the lesion: personality changes and deficits in concentration, orientation, and judgement; may have reemergence of primitive reflexes
|
frontal lobe
|
|
|
where's the lesion: spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)
|
right parietal lobe
|
|
|
where's the lesion: coma
|
reticular activating system
|
|
|
where's the lesion: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
|
bilateral mammilary bodies
|
|
|
where's the lesion: tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis
|
basal ganglia
|
|
|
where's the lesion: intention tremor, limb ataxia
|
cerebellar hemisphere (laterally located, affect lateral limbs)
|
|
|
where's the lesion: truncal ataxia, dysarthria
|
cerebellar vermis (centrally located - affects central body)
|
|
|
where's the lesion: contralateral hemiballismus
|
subthalamic nucleus - loss of inhibition of thalamus through globus pallidus
|
|
|
what do you call slow, writhing movements, especially of fingers? what are these characteristic of?
|
athetosis; basal ganglia lesion
|
|
|
where is Broca's area?
|
inferior frontal gyrus
|
|
|
where is Wernicke's area?
|
superior temporal gyrus
|
|
|
familial form of AD (10%) is associated with genes on what chromosomes?
|
1, 14, 19 - APOE4 allele
21 - pApp gene |
|
|
intracellular, abnormally phosphorylated tau protein is associated with what?
|
neurofibrillary tangles in AD
|
|
|
dementia, aphasia, parkinsonian aspects & specificity for frontal and temporal lobes?
|
Pick's disease
|
|
|
intracellular, aggregated tau protein is associated with what?
|
Pick bodies
|
|
|
what disease is associated with Lewy bodies?
|
Parkinson's
|
|
|
what 2 degenerative diseases are associated with spinocerebellar atrophy?
|
olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Friedreich's ataxia
|
|
|
this disease is associated with degeneration of anterior horns
|
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
|
|
|
this disease presents at birth as a 'floppy baby'; tongue fasciculations are characteristic
|
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
|
|
|
how is Werdnig-Hoffman disease inherited; what is the median age of death?
|
AR, 7 months
|
|
|
polio is associated with degeneration of what?
|
anterior horns - LMN destruction
|
|
|
how is poliovirus transmitted?
|
fecal-oral
|
|
|
what are the CSF findings in poliomyelitis?
|
lymphocytic pleocytosis with slight elevation of protein
|
|
|
what is the classic triad associated with MS?
|
scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus (SIN)
|
|
|
what is the treatment for MS?
|
beta-interferon or immunosuppressant therapy
|
|
|
the prevalance of this disease increases with distance from equator
|
MS
|
|
|
what are periventricular plaques?
|
areas of oligodendrocyte loss and reactive gliosis seen in MS (preservation of axons)
|
|
|
patients with what disease can present with optic neuritis, MLF syndrome, hemiparesis, hemisensory symptoms, or bladder/bowel incontinence?
|
MS
|
|
|
what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with?
|
JC virus - seen in 2-4% of AIDS patients (reactivation of latent virus)
|
|
|
what is the treatment for Guillain Barre?
|
respiratory support until recovery; plasmapheresis, IVIg
|
|
|
symmetric ascending muscle weakness beginning in distal lower extremities is seen in what disease?
|
Guillain Barre
|
|
|
what are the CSF findings in Guillain Barre?
|
elevated CSF protein with normal cell count - albuminocytologic dissociation; elevated protein leads to papilledema
|
|
|
this disease is marked by inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers of ventral roots
|
Guillain Barre - sensory effect is less severe than motor
|
|
|
what are the causes of seizures in children?
|
genetic, infection, congenital, trauma, metabolic
|
|
|
what are the causes of seizures in adults?
|
tumors, trauma, stroke, infection
|
|
|
what are the causes of seizures in elderly?
|
stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection
|
|
|
this type of seizures involves one area of the brain
|
partial
|
|
|
rupture of middle meningeal artery causing an epidural hematoma is often secondary to what?
|
fracture of temporal bone
|
|
|
what does CT show in epidural hematoma?
|
biconvex disk not crossing suture lines
|
|
|
what kind of intracranial hemorrhage is most likely to be seen in a shaken baby, elderly person, or alcoholic?
|
subdural hematoma - rupture of bridging veins
|
|
|
this type of intracranial hemorrhage is caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, DM, and tumor
|
parenchymal hematoma
|
|
|
what does CT show in the case of subdural hematoma?
|
crescent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines
|
|
|
what is the drug of choice for status epilepticus?
|
diazepam
|
|
|
what is the most common site of obstruction causing hydrocephalus?
|
aqueduct of sylvius
|
|
|
what is the underlying lesion in retinopathy of prematurity?
|
inappropriate proliferation of vessels in the inner layers of the retina
|
|
|
location at the junction of cortical gray and white matter is typical for what type of tumor?
|
metastatic; round shape is also characteristic
|
|
|
progressive dementia with diffuse loss of deep hemispheric white matter?
|
subcortical leukoencephalopathy - Binswanger disease - one of the neurologic syndromes associated with hypertension
|
|
|
what degenerative disorder is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, pseudobulbar palsy, axial dystonia, and bradykinesia?
|
progressive supranuclear palsy - widespread neuronal loss and gliosis in subcortical sites with sparing of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices
|
|
|
confusion, ataxia, vestibular dysfunction, sluggish pupillary light reflexes, anisocoria, and oculomotor dysfunction are acute sympmtoms as what?
|
Wernicke's syndrome - thiamine deficiency usually second to chronic alcohol abuse
chronic form includes anterograde amnesia and confabulation and is called Wernicke-Korsakoff |
|
|
syringomyelia is often associated with what?
|
Arnold-Chiari malformation, in which there is a congenital protrusion of the cerebellum and medulla through the foramen magnum
|
|
|
this type of benign tumor often involves the lateral ventricles of young boys
|
choroid plexus papilloma - can affect the caudate because it comprises part of the wall of the lateral ventricle
|
|
|
atrophy of the caudate and putamen can make what look large on imaging?
|
ventricles
|
|
|
a pituitary tumor that expands laterally will first affect what?
|
abducens nerve
|
|
|
lesion of the right parietal lobe will cause what?
|
sensory neglect syndrome of left side (most common pattern in right handed patients)
|
|
|
what is the most common primary brain tumor?
|
glioblastoma multiforme - grade IV astrocytoma
|
|
|
what stains astrocytes?
|
GFAP
|
|
|
this type of tumor has 'pseudopalisading cells' that border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
this type of brain tumor has spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern' psammoma bodies (laminated calcifications)
|
meningioma
|
|
|
this is the second most common type of brain tumor - most often occurs in convexities of hemispheres and parasagittal region
|
meningioma
|
|
|
from what does a meningioma arise?
|
arachnoid cells external to brain
|
|
|
this is the third most common primary brain tumor - originates from Schwann cells
|
Schwannoma - often localized to 8th nerve (acoustic neuroma)
|
|
|
this tpe of tumor contains 'fried egg' cells
|
oligodendroglioma - often calcified
|
|
|
where are oligodendrogliomas most frequently found?
|
frontal lobes
|
|
|
the majority of adult primary tumors are located where?
|
supratentorial
|
|
|
the majory of childhood primary tumors are found where?
|
infratentorial
|
|
|
this tumor has a peak incidence in childhood - diffusely infiltrating glioma, most often found in posterior fossa; benign with good prognosis
|
pilocytic (low-grade) astrocytoma
|
|
|
this type of childhood peak incidence brain tumor has Rosenthal fibers - eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers
|
pilocytic (low-grade) astrocytoma
|
|
|
this is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor & a form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET); found primarily in children; can compress the 4th ventricle to cause hydrocephalus
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
this type of childhood tmor contains rosettes or perivascular pseudorosete pattern of cells & is radiosensitive
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
where are ependymomas most commonly found? what is the prognosis?
|
4th ventricle; poor prognosis
|
|
|
foamy cells and high vascularity are characteristic of what type of childhood-predominant tumor?
|
hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
this type of brain tumor is associated with von Hippel-Lindau
|
hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
this type of tumor shows characteristic perivascular pseudorosettes; rod-shaped blepharoplasts are found near the nucleus
|
ependymoma
|
|
|
this type of child-predominant tumor can produce EPO, leading to secondary polycythemia
|
hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
this is a benign childhood tumor, confused with pituitary adenoma
|
craniopharyngioma
|
|
|
this is the most common childhood supratentorial tumor
|
craniopharyngioma
|
|
|
where does syringomyelia most commonly occur?
|
C8-T1
|
|
|
contralateral paralysis of lower face only
|
lesion of motor cortex or connection between cortex and facial nucleus (UMN CN VII)
|
|
|
cingulate herniation under falx cerebri can compress what?
|
anterior cerebral artery
|
|
|
what results with downward transtentorial (central) herniation?
|
coma and death - if compress brainstem
|
|
|
ipsilateral dilated pupil/ptosis in uncal herniation results from what?
|
stretching of CN III
|
|
|
contralateral homonymous hemianopia in uncal hernaition results from what?
|
compression of ipsilatearal posterior cerebral artery
|
|
|
ipsilateral paresis in uncal herniation results from what?
|
compression of contralateral crus cerebri (Kernohan's notch)
|
|
|
Duret hemorrhages - paraemdian artery rupture in uncal herniation results from what?
|
caudal displacement of brain stem
|
|
|
lesion in MLF results in what on attempted lateral gaze?
|
medial rectus palsy; nystagmus is seen in the abducting eye; convergence is normal
|
