Step 1: Neurology

Front 1

Cerebellar ataxia
Recurrent pulm infection
Superficial capillaries on skin

Back 1

Ataxia Telangiectasia

Front 2

What's needed before vesicles are released post-synaptically?

Back 2

calcium influx

Front 3

What prevents drugs and toxins from crossing the BBB?

Back 3

Tight Junctions

Front 4

Optic neuritis (central scotoma) and Intranuclear ophthalmoplegia (MLF destruction) occurs with what?

Back 4

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 5

7 y/o presenting with ataxia, headache and vision changes. If this was cancer, what type?

Back 5

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Front 6

What tumor has spindle cell hair-like processes, rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophilic bodies?

Back 6

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Front 7

This tumor crosses the corpus callosum, has a characteristic butterfly appearance, and is most often in the subcortical white matter.

Back 7

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Front 8

Most common extraCRANIAL tumor, patients have elevated HVA and VMA in urine. MycN marker on chromosome 2 is characteristic

Back 8

Neuroblastoma

Front 9

Abnormal relaxation of the hand (grab doorknob, can't release), baldness, cataracts and gonadal atrophy are characteristic of what?

Back 9

Myotonic Dystrophy (CTG repeat, anticipation, auto DOM)

Front 10

Binge eating 2-3 times, then stop eating for two day to try to lose the weight.

Back 10

Bulimia Nervosa

Front 11

random conjugate eye movement and myoclonus is what disease?

Back 11

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (associated with neuroblastoma)

Front 12

Endoneural hyalinization causes what?

Back 12

Diabetic neuropathy

Front 13

abdominal pain, N/V, diarrhea, dilated pupils, tachycardia, fever, diaphoresis is indication of withdrawal from what substance?

Back 13

Heroin

Front 14

cardiogenic shock damages what cells first?

Back 14

Hippocampus and purkinje of cerbellum

Front 15

Lacunar stroke is usually due to what?

Back 15

hypertension-->lipohyalinosis and microatheroma of the arterioles-->obstruction-->ischemic, small lacunar stroke

Front 16

Diminished absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi causes what?

Back 16

NPH

Front 17

Atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes-->what disease?

Back 17

Pick's disease

Front 18

Rapid correction of hyponatremia causes what?

Back 18

Central Pontine Myelinosis

Front 19

Neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and amyloid angiopathy

Back 19

Alzheimer's disease

Front 20

Injury to the temporal lobe may cause what type of visual field defect?

Back 20

Contralateral superior quadranatopia (due to injuring meyer's loop)

Front 21

Jaw and tongue claudication during a meal, sudden onset of blindness in one eye-->what disease?

Back 21

Temporal Arteritis

Front 22

Passive extension of arm-->resistance, then sudden the arm gives and you can fully extend-->what's this called?

Back 22

Clasp knife spasticity (UMN lesion sign)

Front 23

Schwann cell tumors that can cause lisch nodules, cafe au lait spots and optic glioma (cause headache/loss of vision)

Back 23

NF1

Front 24

A branch of what nerve provides cutaneous sensation to the posterior, external ear canal?

Back 24

CN10

Front 25

Aneurysm <1mm in size that ruptures in the basal ganglia, patient also has chronic HTN-->what is this aneurysm called?

Back 25

Charcot-Bouchard Aneuysm (associated with chronic HTN), usually very small and can rupture-->leading to intraparenchyma bleed

Front 26

Ascending weakness, recent respiratory infection, then get ascending paralysis, endoneurial inflammatory infiltrate, segmental demyelination-->what disease?

Back 26

guillan-barre syndrome

Front 27

A baby was violently shaken and begins to lose consciousness-->what is the cause?

Back 27

Subdural hematoma

Front 28

A baby was found to have intraventricular hemorrhage, what is the source?

Back 28

germinal matrix

Front 29

What must be infused along with glucose for an alcoholic with wernicke's encephalopathy?

Back 29

Thiamine (because B1 is required as a cofactor to metabolize glucose). Infusing glucose without thiamine-->preceipitate wernicke's encephalopathy.

Front 30

Wing-beating tremor, damage to the lentiform nucleus (globus pallitus and putamen) -->what disease?

Back 30

Wilson's disease (along with cirrhosis and kayser flesher rings)

Front 31

Patient with personality changes. You see eosinophilic, laminar structures, psammoma bodies on biopsy.

Back 31

Meningioma

Front 32

Brain tumor with fried egg appearance on biopsy, Nuclei has fine, granular chromatin

Back 32

Oligodendroglioma

Front 33

Brain tumor with necrosis, hemmorrhage, and palisading pattern of tumor cells.

Back 33

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Front 34

Tumor that is elongated, with oval nuclei. S100 +, and derived from neural crest cells

Back 34

Schwannoma

Front 35

Patient complains of paresthesia of the thumb, index and middle fingers. She likes to knit for her man every day, 12 hours a day-->what disease?

Back 35

carpul tunnel syndrome

Front 36

Child with macrocephaly, irritability, poor feeding, muscle hypertonicity and hyperreflexia-->what disease?

Back 36

Hydrocephalus (e.g. congenital--arnold chiari malformation)

Front 37

65 y/o presents with headache and sudden loss of vision in 1 eye. Biopsy of an artery shows granulomas, mononuclear infiltrates and multinucleated giant cells-->what is the disease?

Back 37

Temporal Arteritis

Front 38

Man complains of N/V and contralateral weakness, then dies. Biopsy shows red neurons, pyknotic nuclei, and loss of nissl substance-->what is the cause of death?

Back 38

Ischemic stroke

Front 39

Man understands what is said to him but cannot speak, what artery is obstructed?

Back 39

MCA

Front 40

Man with ADPKD complains of a new onset of terrible headache, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Back 40

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 41

Patient presents with +VDRL and severe pains of his extremities. What is the diagnosis and what part of the spinal cord is affected?

Back 41

Tabes Dorsalis-->posterior dorsal column of the spinal cord

Front 42

Man complains of excessive sleepiness. he wakes up every morning but can't move for the first couple of minutes. He randomly falls asleep at work, and always feels refreshed upon waking-->what disease?

Back 42

Narcolepsy

Front 43

Man complains of excessive sleepiness, always falls asleep at work and loves to take naps. However, he doesn't feel rested after his naps and continues to feel tired all the time-->what disease?

Back 43

Obstructive sleep apnea

Front 44

Man presents with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion, what should be given to him immediately?

Back 44

Glucose with Thiamine-->treats wernicke's encephalopathy

Front 45

Man complains that he can't eat very well and that his jaw is crooked. The nerve that is injured exits through what foramina?

Back 45

Foramen ovale (v3)

Front 46

Man hits on his nurses at work and says they have nice titts, he is also very disorganized and misses his meetings frequently-->what part of his brain did he injure?

Back 46

Frontal Lobe syndrome

Front 47

Boy is diagnosed with friedrich's ataxia, he has a relative with a different problem but identical findings. What nutrient deficiency causes the same spinal cord problems as Friedrich's ataxia?

Back 47

Vitamin E deficiency

Front 48

Man drives around but complains he never sees the cars come up on the two sides. He also complains of a headache. A tumor is found, what is it?

Back 48

craniopharyngeoma-->press on the optic chiasm

Front 49

Man with immunosuppression is found to have a brain tumor. The tumor is filled with EBV Virus, what kind of a tumor is this?

Back 49

primary CNS lymphoma

Front 50

Tumor showing small, blue cells of primitive neuroectodermal origin, sx=N/V, increased ICP and headache

Back 50

Medulloblastoma

Front 51

What disease causes destruction of anterior horn cells?

Back 51

Poliomyelitis

Front 52

Patients of Friedrich Ataxia often die of what?

Back 52

HOCM

Front 53

Kyphoscoliosis, high foot arch, and gait ataxia-->what disease?

Back 53

Friedrich's ataxia

Front 54

Patients with Huntington's disease usually die of which two causes?

Back 54

Infection or suicide

Front 55

Patient with bouts of spinning sensation in L ear, hearing loss in the L ear, but feels fine between episodes-->what disease?

Back 55

Meinier's disease

Front 56

Excessive worry about uncontrollable things for >6 months, like if they are smart enough, or if they look fat, etc-->what disease?

Back 56

GAD

Front 57

What is the most likely cause of CN3 palsy in a diabetic?

Back 57

Nerve ischemia

Front 58

Tinnitus, unilateral hearing loss-->what tumor?

Back 58

Acoustic neuroma

Front 59

What nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates melatonin release?

Back 59

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 60

Epidural Hematoma is caused by the rupture of what?

Back 60

Middle meningeal artery

Front 61

Retrograde transport is done by what?

Back 61

Dyneine

Front 62

Anterograde transport is done by what?

Back 62

Kinesin

Front 63

hippocampal atrophy and memory loss is characteristic of what disease?

Back 63

Alzheimer's

Front 64

Where do lacunar strokes occur?

Back 64

Basal ganglia, pons, internal capsule and thalamus

Front 65

cardiogenic shock causes what areas of the brain to be at risk?

Back 65

ACA/MCA junctional areas

Front 66

What is ruptured in subdural hematoma?

Back 66

Bridging veins-->slow onset-->crescent shaped on CT

Front 67

Ischemic infarct in non-brain organs leads to what type of necrosis?

Back 67

Coagulative Necrosis

Front 68

Liquefactive Necrosis

Back 68

Liquefactive Necrosis

Front 69

Pupil that accomodates but does not react is indication of what disease?

Back 69

tertiary syphillis (tabes dorsalis)

Front 70

Subarachnoid villi damage causes what disease?

Back 70

Communicating hydrocephalus

Front 71

antibodies to AchR at neuromuscular junction-->what disease?

Back 71

myasthenia gravis

Front 72

Which tumors stain + for GFAP?

Back 72

Glioblastoma, ependyoma, and oligodendroglioma

Front 73

What nerve supplies the Masseter?

Back 73

V3

Front 74

What is the best way to assess patient concentration?

Back 74

Asking them to repeat year, month, date backwards

Front 75

Prp goes from alpha to beta pleated structure, and becomes resistant to protease cleavage. Prp accumulates and causes what disease?

Back 75

CJD

Front 76

What is used to block opiod tolerance?

Back 76

Ketamine--blocks NMDA receptors-->decrease phosphorylation of opiod receptors-->decrease tolerance

Front 77

Abnormal relaxation of the hand (grab doorknob, can't release), baldness, cataracts and gonadal atrophy are characteristic of what?

Back 77

Myotonic Dystrophy (CTG repeat, anticipation, auto DOM)

Front 78

Bilateral acoutic neuroma is associated with NF1 or NF2?

Back 78

NF2

NF1--lisch nodules in eyes, cafe au lait spots, and multple neurofibromas

Front 79

Patient has a hemorhagic stroke, this happened multiple times in the past few years-->what is the problem?

Back 79

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Front 80

Patient with chronic headache and a low lying cerebellar tonsils-->what disease?

Back 80

Arnold Chiari Malformation (Congenital disorder), type I

Type I=low lying cerebellar tonsils
Type II=serious and have abnormally formed cerebellum and medulla

Front 81

Alcoholic patient presents with memory loss that hasn't gotten better and seems permanent and also confabulation-->what disease?

Back 81

Korsakoff Psychosis

Front 82

Where is serontonin made in the CNS?

Back 82

Raphe Nucleus

Front 83

Where are cholingeric neurons found in the CNS?

Back 83

Nucleus Basalis of Meyert

Front 84

Where are norepinephrine secreting neurons found in the CNS?

Back 84

Nucleus Ceruleus

Front 85

What type of meningitis is this?

Glucose normal/low, protein high, neutrophil infiltrate?

Back 85

Fungal

Front 86

What type of meningitis is this?

Glucose low, protein high, neutrophil infiltrate?

Back 86

Bacterial

Front 87

What is ApoE4 associated with?

Back 87

Later onset of alzheimer's disease

Front 88

Patient has acute nausea after chemotherapy, what part of his brain is telling him this and regulating the nausea?

Back 88

Area postrema, which contains chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Front 89

Dystrophin is mutated in a particular disease, what is the function of dystrophin?

Back 89

It is a structural protein in the muscle that aids the attachment of muscle fibers

Front 90

Huntington's disease causes the loss of GABA neurons from where in the brain?

Back 90

Head of the caudate nucleus (just lateral to the lateral ventricles)

Front 91

After ischemic injury to the brain, what type of necrosis follows?

Back 91

Liquefactive necrosis

Front 92

What is the pathophysiology of liquefactive necrosis?

Back 92

Lysosomal release from dead neurons and digestion of tissue

Front 93

Man has unilateral headache that is also accompanied by periorbital pain, this lasts for about 90 minutes and he gets it again the next day-->what disease?

Back 93

Cluster headache

Front 94

Woman with a headache that bothers her entire head, she says she also feels soreness of the shoulders and neck, and that this tends to occur when she is stressed (like when husband asks her for sex)-->what disease?

Back 94

Tension headache

Front 95

A man has suddenly random flinging of his left arm and leg, he can't seem to control it-->what part of his brain is damaged?

Back 95

Subthalamic nucleus damage-->hemiballismus

Front 96

Man has ascending weakness and on biopsy, microscope analysis shows segmental demyelination and endoneurial infiltrate-->what disease?

Back 96

Guillan Barre syndrome

Front 97

Subfalcine herniation tends to damage what structure?

Back 97

ACA

Front 98

Tonsilar herniation tends to damage what structure?

Back 98

Medulla-->may stop breathing

Front 99

Uncal herniation tends to damage what structures?

Back 99

CN3, cerebral peduncle, PCA, Brainstem hemorrage (Duret Hemorrage of the pons) may occur due to compression of Basilar artery.

Front 100

Ataxia telangiectasia patients have defective mechanisms of what?

Back 100

Double stranded DNA repair

Front 101

How does morphine reduce pain transmission?

Back 101

Increasing K efflux out of cells-->hyperpolarize membrane

Front 102

Man experiences a stroke and has total sensory loss on the contralateral side of the body. There are no motor deficits-->where is the lesion?

Back 102

Thalamus (Thalamic syndrome)

Front 103

What is the pathophysiology of disease in Eaton Lambert syndrome?

Back 103

Antibodies to Ca channels presynaptically.

Front 104

Man presents with rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks. On examination, multiple vacuoles are observed in the gray matter-->what disease?

Back 104

CJD (Spongiform encephalopathy)

Front 105

Man with measles infection complains of ataxia, myoclonus, and visual problems-->what disease?

Back 105

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (complication of measles)

Front 106

14 y/o boy with headache, ataxia, visual complaints and nausea-->if this were a tumor-->what is it?

Back 106

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Front 107

This is an autosomal dominant disorder causing sustained muscle contraction, weakness and due to trinucleotide repeats of the myotonia protein kinase gene-->what disease?

Back 107

Myotonic dystrophy

Front 108

Damaged neurons are called red neurons, and soon after neutrophils infiltrate, followed by macrophages. What happens after this?

Back 108

Astrocytes form a glial scar