Neurological System

Front 1

microscopic fiber leading from the cell body that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Back 1

axon

Front 2

a large, interlacing network of nerves

Back 2

plexus

Front 3

three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Back 3

meninges

Front 4

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

Back 4

dendrite

Front 5

outer region of the largest part of the brain

Back 5

composed of gray matter

Front 6

neuroglial cell that transports water and salts between capillaries and nerve cells

Back 6

astrocyte

Front 7

neuroglial cell that produces myelin

Back 7

oligodendroglial cell

Front 8

a nerve cell that transmits a nervous impulse

Back 8

neuron

Front 9

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebra

Back 9

cauda equina

Front 10

protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell

Back 10

myelin sheath

Front 11

outermost meningeal layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Back 11

dura mater

Front 12

the brain and the spinal cord

Back 12

central nervous system

Front 13

middle meningeal membrane

Back 13

arachnoid membrane

Front 14

part of brain below the thalamus – controls sleep, appetite, temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

Back 14

hypothalamus

Front 15

space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from nerve cell to another nerve cell or to a muscle or gland cell

Back 15

synapse

Front 16

autonomic nerves that influence body functions involuntarily in times of stress

Back 16

sympathetic nerves

Front 17

part of brain just above spinal cord which controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels

Back 17

medulla oblongata

Front 18

part of brain anterior to cerebellum and between medulla and upper parts of brains which connects all of these

Back 18

pons (means bridge)

Front 19

posterior part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle movement

Back 19

cerebellum

Front 20

part of the brain below the cerebrum – a relay center that conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

Back 20

thalamus

Front 21

canals in the interior of the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 21

ventricles of the brain

Front 22

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord – includes the pons and medulla

Back 22

brain stem

Front 23

largest part of the brain which controls voluntary muscle movement, vision, speech, hearing, thought, and memory

Back 23

cerebrum

Front 24

a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

Back 24

ganglion

Front 25

innermost meningeal membrane

Back 25

pia mater

Front 26

motor nerves – carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands (effectors)

Back 26

efferent nerves

Front 27

sensory nerves – carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors

Back 27

afferent nerves

Front 28

sulci – grooves in the cerebral cortex

Back 28

fissures

Front 29

contains cerebrospinal fluid

Back 29

subarachnoid space

Front 30

gyri – elevations in the cerebral cortex

Back 30

convolutions

Front 31

acetylcholine is an example of this chemical that is released at the end of a nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another cell

Back 31

neurotransmitter

Front 32

essential cell of the nervous system – a neuron

Back 32

parenchymal cell

Front 33

connective and supportive (stromal) cell of the nervous system

Back 33

neuroglial cell

Front 34

softening of the brain

Back 34

encephalomalacia

Front 35

part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and balance

Back 35

cerebellum

Front 36

collection of blood above the dura mater

Back 36

epidural hematoma

Front 37

inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membranes

Back 37

leptomeningitis

Front 38

condition of absence of a brain

Back 38

anencephaly

Front 39

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Back 39

poliomyelitis

Front 40

pertaining to the membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Back 40

meningeal

Front 41

disease of nerve roots

Back 41

radiculopathy

Front 42

hernia of the meninges and the spinal cord

Back 42

meningomyelocele

Front 43

pertaining to cranial nerve X

Back 43

vagal

Front 44

the outer region of the cerebrum (contains gray matter)

Back 44

cerebral cortex

Front 45

pertaining to within a sheath – through the meninges and into the subarachnoid space (spine)

Back 45

intrathecal

Front 46

inflammation of many nerves

Back 46

polyneuritis

Front 47

pertaining to the thalamus

Back 47

thalamic

Front 48

x-ray of the spinal cord after contrast is injected via lumbar puncture

Back 48

myelogram

Front 49

tumor of the meninges

Back 49

meningioma

Front 50

tumor of the neuroglial cells – a brain tumor

Back 50

glioma

Front 51

mass of blood below the dura mater (outermost meningeal membrane)

Back 51

subdural hematoma

Front 52

reading, writing, or learning disorder

Back 52

dyslexia

Front 53

condition of no coordination

Back 53

ataxia

Front 54

condition of slow movement

Back 54

bradykinesia

Front 55

condition of increased nervous sensation

Back 55

hyperesthesia

Front 56

seizure of sleep – uncontrollable compulsion to sleep

Back 56

narcolepsy

Front 57

inability to speak

Back 57

aphasia

Front 58

slight paralysis in the right or left half of the body

Back 58

hemiparesis

Front 59

burning pain

Back 59

causalgia

Front 60

paralysis in the lower part of the body – damage to lower part of the spinal cord

Back 60

paraplegia

Front 61

fainting

Back 61

syncope

Front 62

nervous exhaustion (lack of strength) and irritability

Back 62

neurasthenia

Front 63

lack of sensitivity to pain

Back 63

analgesia

Front 64

cannot articulate words, but can understand and knows what he/she wants to say

Back 64

motor aphasia

Front 65

slight paralysis

Back 65

paresis

Front 66

paralysis in all four extremities (damage to cervical part of the spinal cord)

Back 66

quadriplegia

Front 67

no strength (weakness)

Back 67

asthenia

Front 68

pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness and cannot be aroused)

Back 68

comatose

Front 69

condition of abnormal sensations (pricking, tingling, numbness, burning) for no apparent reason

Back 69

paresthesia

Front 70

excessive movement

Back 70

hyperkinesis

Front 71

condition of no sensation or nervous feeling

Back 71

anesthesia

Front 72

destruction of myelin sheaths (demyelination) and their replacement by plaques of hard tissue lead to this condition

Back 72

multiple sclerosis

Front 73

sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures in this abnormal condition

Back 73

epilepsy

Front 74

the spinal column is imperfectly joined (a split in a vertebra occurs), and part of the meninges and spinal cord can herniate out of the spinal cavity in this congenital condition

Back 74

spina bifida cystica

Front 75

a condition involving atrophy of muscles and paralysis due to damage to motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem

Back 75

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Front 76

a hereditary condition where the patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary, dance-like movements, as well as decline in mental functions

Back 76

Huntington disease

Front 77

cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head (in the ventricles of the brain) in this condition

Back 77

hydrocephalus

Front 78

a neuromuscular disorder marked by loss of muscle strength because of the inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to transmit impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells

Back 78

myasthenia gravis

Front 79

degeneration of nerves in the brain occur in later life, leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness – dopamine is deficient in the brain

Back 79

Parkinson disease

Front 80

a condition beginning in middle age marked by deterioration of mental capacity (dementia) – autopsy shows cerebral cortex atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci, and microscopic neurofibrillary tangles

Back 80

Alzeimer disease

Front 81

unilateral facial paralysis characterizes this condition

Back 81

Bell palsy

Front 82

tumor of neuroglial brain cells

Back 82

astrocytoma

Front 83

inflammation of meninges (bacterial infection with pus formation)

Back 83

pyogenic meningitis

Front 84

bruising of brain tissues as a result of direct trauma to the head

Back 84

cerebral contusion

Front 85

disruption of normal blood supply to the brain – a stroke

Back 85

cerebrovascular accident

Front 86

temporary brain dysfunction – loss of consciousness that usually clears within 24 hours

Back 86

cerebral concussion

Front 87

neurological condition caused by infection with herpes zoster virus – blisters form along the course of peripheral nerve paths

Back 87

shingles

Front 88

blocking of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by material from another part of the body that suddenly occludes the vessel

Back 88

cerebral thrombosis

Front 89

bursting forth of blood from a cerebral artery (can cause stroke)

Back 89

cerebral hemorrhage

Front 90

widening of blood vessel (artery) in cerebrum which can burst and lead to CVA

Back 90

cerebral aneurysm

Front 91

uncoordinated gait

Back 91

ataxia

Front 92

peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms

Back 92

aura

Front 93

interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum – a mini-stroke

Back 93

transient ischemic attack

Front 94

major convulsive epileptic seizure – grand mal

Back 94

tonic-clonic seizure

Front 95

virus that causes chickenpox and shingles

Back 95

herpes zoster

Front 96

relieving, but not curing

Back 96

palliative

Front 97

neurotransmitter

Back 97

examples are dopamine, acetylcholine, epinephrine, serotonin

Front 98

blockage

Back 98

occlusion

Front 99

minor form of epileptic seizure – a petit mal

Back 99

absence seizure

Front 100

malignant brain tumor of immature neuroglial cells

Back 100

glioblastoma multiforme

Front 101

use of magnetic and radio waves to create an image in frontal, transverse and sagittal plane, of the brain

Back 101

MRI of the brain

Front 102

an instrument is fixed onto the skull and locates a target by 3D measurement, then gamma radiation beams are used to treat deep brain lesions

Back 102

stereotactic radiosurgery with gamma knife

Front 103

this procedure is used to diagnose abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Back 103

EEG (electroencephalography)

Front 104

an intravenous isotope is taken up by organs, and images are recorded

Back 104

PET (positron emission tomography)

Front 105

high levels in amniotic fluid in maternal blood are associated with spina bifida

Back 105

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)

Front 106

destruction of myelin sheath in the CNS occurs with plaques of hard scar tissue

Back 106

MS (multiple sclerosis)

Front 107

intrathecal medications can be administered through this procedure

Back 107

LP (lumbar puncture)

Front 108

a stroke – embolus, hemorrhage, or thrombosis are etiological factors

Back 108

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

Front 109

mini-stroke – caused by temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain

Back 109

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

Front 110

nervous system fluid analyzed by means of cell counts, bacterial smears, and cultures

Back 110

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Front 111

inflammation of a spinal nerve root

Back 111

radiculitis

Front 112

movements and behavior that are not purposeful

Back 112

apraxia

Front 113

uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words with involuntary spasmatic twitching (tics)

Back 113

Tourette syndrome

Front 114

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord – cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

Back 114

sympathetic nervous system

Front 115

four types of nerves

Back 115

somatic (parietal or voluntary motion) visceral sensory, involuntary motor, secretory