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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anosmia
Decrease or loss of smell (occurs bilaterally with smoking, rhinitis or cocaine use. Unilateral loss with absence of nasal disease is neurogenic anosmia).
Ptosis
Drooping (can occur with myasthenia gravis, dysfunction of cranial nerve III, or Horner's Syndrome).
Paresis
Partial or incomplete paralysis
Atrophy
Muscle weakness or paralysis
Ataxia
Inability to perform coordinated movements
Fasciculation
Rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb
Astereognosis
Inability to identify objects correctly. Occurs in sensory cortex lesions (stroke).
Kinesthesia
Position. The ability of a person to perceive passive movement of the extremities. ("Am I moving your finger up or down").
Clonus
Rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch.
Hyporefexia
Absence of a reflex (a lower motor neuron problem).
Babinski Reflex
"upgoing toes". An abnormal response to in adults when assessing the plantar reflex
Spasticity
Continuous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, with increased deep tendon reflexes.
Hyperesthesia
Increased touch sensation
Reinforcement/Isometric exercise
When a reflex response fails to appear, performance of an isometric exercise somewhat away from the area being tested can enhance the reflex.
Deep Tendon Reflex grading scale
0=No response; 1+ is diminished or low normal; 2+ is average/normal; 3+ Brisker than average (may indicate disease); 4+ Very brisk (indicative of disease)
Romberg Test
Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Patient stands with feet together and arms to sides. Close eyes. Watch approximately 20seconds for excessive swaying.
RAM (Rapid Alternating Movements)
Cerebellar function test. Patient pats knees with both hands, lift up, turn over, and pat. Repeat faster. Alternately, patient touches thumb to each finger on same hand. repeat fast
Gait
Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Observe patient as they walk 10-20 feet, then turns & returns. Observe for smooth coordinated movement and arm swing.
Tandem walking
Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Patient walks in a straight line in a heel-to-toe fashion. Observe for unbalance or inability to walk in a straight line.
Finger to nose test
Cerebellar function test to assess eye hand coordination. Patient closes eyes and stretches out arms. Touch nose with index finger & alternating hands with increasing speed.
Heel to Shin
Cerebellar function test of lower extremity coordination. Patient lies supine, places heel on opposite knee and runs it down shin from knee to ankle.
Spinalthalmic Tract
Part of central nervous system. Responsible for sensations of pain, temperature, and crude/light touch. Enters at the dorsal root of the spinal cord and end at the thalamus
Posterior Column Tract
Part of central nervous system. Responsible for sensation of position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis).
Stereognosis
Without looking, the ability to identify familiar objects by touch.
Graphesthesia
Ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin
Two-point discrimination
Ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin
Cranial Nerve I (olfactory) test
Occlude one nostril at a time and ask patient to sniff. Use familiar, non-obnoxious scents (eg. coffee, toothpaste) to see if patient can identify.
Cranial Nerve II (Optic) test
Test visual acuity and test visual fields by confrontation. Ophthalmoscope to examine ocular fundus
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) , IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens) test
Check pupils for size & PEARRLA. Assess extraoccular movement by the cardinal positions of gaze test.
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) test
Assess mastication muscles by palpating temporal and masseter muscles as pt clenches teeth. Check sensory function by lightly touching areas on pt's face with eyes closed.
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) test
Note mobility and facial symmetry by having patient smile, frown, close eyes tightly, puff cheeks
Cranial Nerve VIII (Acoustic) test
Test hearing acuity by ability to hear normal conversation, whispered voice, and Weber/Rinne tuning fork tests.
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus) tests
Depress tongue and note pharyngeal movement at patient says "ahh" or yawns. Gag reflex can also be assessed.
Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal) test
Examine sternomastoid and trapezius muscles for size and symmetry. Check head rotation strength against resistance.
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) test
Inspect tongue. No wasting or tremors should be present. Ask person to say "Light, Tight, Dynamite" and note that speech is clear and distinct
Dermatome
Circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve.
Subjective Questions for assessment of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Headaches?, Head Injury?, Dizziness or vertigo?, Seizures?, Tremors?, Weakness?, Incoordination?, Numbness/tingling?, Difficulty swallowing/speaking?, Past History