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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anosmia
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Decrease or loss of smell (occurs bilaterally with smoking, rhinitis or cocaine use. Unilateral loss with absence of nasal disease is neurogenic anosmia).
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Ptosis
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Drooping (can occur with myasthenia gravis, dysfunction of cranial nerve III, or Horner's Syndrome).
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Paresis
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Partial or incomplete paralysis
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Atrophy
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Muscle weakness or paralysis
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Ataxia
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Inability to perform coordinated movements
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Fasciculation
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Rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb
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Astereognosis
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Inability to identify objects correctly. Occurs in sensory cortex lesions (stroke).
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Kinesthesia
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Position. The ability of a person to perceive passive movement of the extremities. ("Am I moving your finger up or down").
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Clonus
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Rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch.
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Hyporefexia
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Absence of a reflex (a lower motor neuron problem).
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Babinski Reflex
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"upgoing toes". An abnormal response to in adults when assessing the plantar reflex
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Spasticity
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Continuous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, with increased deep tendon reflexes.
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Hyperesthesia
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Increased touch sensation
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Reinforcement/Isometric exercise
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When a reflex response fails to appear, performance of an isometric exercise somewhat away from the area being tested can enhance the reflex.
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Deep Tendon Reflex grading scale
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0=No response; 1+ is diminished or low normal; 2+ is average/normal; 3+ Brisker than average (may indicate disease); 4+ Very brisk (indicative of disease)
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Romberg Test
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Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Patient stands with feet together and arms to sides. Close eyes. Watch approximately 20seconds for excessive swaying.
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RAM (Rapid Alternating Movements)
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Cerebellar function test. Patient pats knees with both hands, lift up, turn over, and pat. Repeat faster. Alternately, patient touches thumb to each finger on same hand. repeat fast
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Gait
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Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Observe patient as they walk 10-20 feet, then turns & returns. Observe for smooth coordinated movement and arm swing.
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Tandem walking
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Cerebellar function test to assess balance. Patient walks in a straight line in a heel-to-toe fashion. Observe for unbalance or inability to walk in a straight line.
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Finger to nose test
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Cerebellar function test to assess eye hand coordination. Patient closes eyes and stretches out arms. Touch nose with index finger & alternating hands with increasing speed.
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Heel to Shin
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Cerebellar function test of lower extremity coordination. Patient lies supine, places heel on opposite knee and runs it down shin from knee to ankle.
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Spinalthalmic Tract
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Part of central nervous system. Responsible for sensations of pain, temperature, and crude/light touch. Enters at the dorsal root of the spinal cord and end at the thalamus
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Posterior Column Tract
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Part of central nervous system. Responsible for sensation of position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis).
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Stereognosis
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Without looking, the ability to identify familiar objects by touch.
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Graphesthesia
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Ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin
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Two-point discrimination
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Ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin
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Cranial Nerve I (olfactory) test
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Occlude one nostril at a time and ask patient to sniff. Use familiar, non-obnoxious scents (eg. coffee, toothpaste) to see if patient can identify.
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Cranial Nerve II (Optic) test
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Test visual acuity and test visual fields by confrontation. Ophthalmoscope to examine ocular fundus
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Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) , IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens) test
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Check pupils for size & PEARRLA. Assess extraoccular movement by the cardinal positions of gaze test.
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Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) test
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Assess mastication muscles by palpating temporal and masseter muscles as pt clenches teeth. Check sensory function by lightly touching areas on pt's face with eyes closed.
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Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) test
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Note mobility and facial symmetry by having patient smile, frown, close eyes tightly, puff cheeks
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Cranial Nerve VIII (Acoustic) test
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Test hearing acuity by ability to hear normal conversation, whispered voice, and Weber/Rinne tuning fork tests.
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Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus) tests
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Depress tongue and note pharyngeal movement at patient says "ahh" or yawns. Gag reflex can also be assessed.
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Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal) test
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Examine sternomastoid and trapezius muscles for size and symmetry. Check head rotation strength against resistance.
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Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) test
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Inspect tongue. No wasting or tremors should be present. Ask person to say "Light, Tight, Dynamite" and note that speech is clear and distinct
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Dermatome
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Circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve.
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Subjective Questions for assessment of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Headaches?, Head Injury?, Dizziness or vertigo?, Seizures?, Tremors?, Weakness?, Incoordination?, Numbness/tingling?, Difficulty swallowing/speaking?, Past History
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