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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The CNS consists of the ___ and ___.
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brain, spinal cord
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What is the primary cell of the neurological system?
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neuron
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What is a neuron's primary food?
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glucose
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What cells scan the environment, integrate information, and initiate responses to maintain body's homeostasis?
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neurons
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Neuroglial cells are part of what system?
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CNS
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Schwann cells are part of what system?
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PNS
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Name three types of neurons.
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sensory, associated, motor
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The region between adjacent neurons.
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synapse
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Space between the neurons.
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synaptic cleft
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What neuron is chemical releasing?
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presynaptic neuron
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What neuron is responsible for picking up chemicals and taking them away from the synapse?
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postsynaptic neuron
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A chemical that must be synthesized in the neuron, released into the synaptic cleft, and bind to a receptor site on the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron.
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neurotransmitter
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What does Zoloft do to serotonin levels?
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increases levels
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True or False: Neurotransmitters can move back and forth between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
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False: Neurotransmitters only move in one direction.
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What neurotransmitter's effect is excitatory or inhibitory? (not a monoamine)
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acetylcholine
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What monoamine neurotransmitter's effect is excitatory or inhibitory?
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norepinephrine
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What two monoamines have a generally inhibitory effect?
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serotonin and histamine
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What is dopamine's effect?
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generally excitatory
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What amino acid neurotransmitter is responsible for the majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain?
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GABA
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Glycine is responsible for most postsynaptic inhibition in the ______.
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spinal cord
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What effect do glutamate and aspartate have?
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excitatory
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Substance P has what kind of effect?
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generally excitatory
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What two neuropeptides generally have an inhibitory effect?
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endorphins and enkephalins
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What part of the brain has contralateral control (cerebral impulses control function on the opposite side of the body)?
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forebrain
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What lobe of the brain controls goal oriented behavior, short term or recall memory, emotional, and expressive functions?
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frontal lobe
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What part of the brain is the major area of somatic input and sensory/motor function?
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parietal lobe
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What lobe of the brain controls primary visual and auditory cortexes?
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occipital lobe
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What area of the brain is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech-dysfunction and may cause receptive aphasia or dysphagia?
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Werniche Area
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What part of the brain houses the corpus callosum?
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insula
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What part of the brain connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is essential in coordination of activity between the two hemispheres?
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corpus collosum
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What is cut in epileptic patients unresponsive to all other treatments?
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corpus collosum
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What is the major intergrating center for afferent impulses going to the cerebral cortex?
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thalamus
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What is responsible for maintenance of constant internal environment, implementation of behavioral patterns, control center for ANS function, and regulation of emotional expression?
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hypothalamus
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What makes up the hindbrain?
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brain stem
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What is responsible for balance, posture, and motor coordination?
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cerebellum
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How is the function of the cerebellum different from that of the cerebral cortex?
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cerebellum is ipsilateral (right side of cerebellum affected, right side of body affected)
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What controls respiration and is the location of cranial nerves V-VIII?
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pons
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What controls reflex activities (HR, BP, coughing, sneezing, etc) and is the location of cranial nerves IX-XII?
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medulla oblongata
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Name the three meninges.
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dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
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The subdural space lies between what two meninges?
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dura and arachnoid
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A clear, colorless fluid that circulates within the ventricles and spaces of the brain.
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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What describes cellular structures that selectively inhibit certain potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain or CSF?
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blood-brain barrier
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What two opposing systems make up the ANS?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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What system consists of the cranial and spinal nerves?
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PNS
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What system in the PNS is voluntary?
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somatic system
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What pathways take information to the CNS?
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afferent pathways
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What pathways send information from the CNS to the rest of the body?
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efferent pathways
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What type of neurons have a myelin sheath that serves as an insulator for nerve impulses?
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myelinated neurons
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Sensory neurons are effective in what pathway?
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afferent pathway
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What type of neurons send information between neurons?
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interneurons (associational)
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What type of neurons send information to the body to cause an action?
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motor neurons
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Areas of the body that the nerve intervates.
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Dermatones
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What three systems interact to cause pain?
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sensory, motivational, cognitive
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What pain system is responsive to nerve function and has a specific intensity and location?
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sensory/discriminative
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What pain system is active with a learned cultural response to pain?
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motivational/affective
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What pain system involves an individual's intellectual ability to process pain?
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cognitive/evauative
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What kind of pain has a known physical cause?
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somatogenic pain
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What kind of pain has no known physical cause?
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psychogenic pain
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Superficial, acute pain.
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somatic pain
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Deep, acute pain.
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visceral pain
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Acute pain experienced in location different from area of injury.
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referred pain
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Pain that lasts more than six months; constant or intermittant.
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chronic pain
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The point at which pain is perceived.
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pain threshold
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Duration of time a person will endure pain before taking action.
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pain tolerance
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Where are pain receptors found?
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skin, mucous membranes, lining of body cavities, deep tissue
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What controls body temperature?
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hypothalamus
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What two age groups have less hypothalamic control and greater temperature variations?
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infants and the elderly
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What is the "resetting" of the hypothalamus to a higher temp in response to pyrogens?
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fever
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Pyrogens work by releasing ____.
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prostaglandins
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What are the benefits of fever?
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kills pathogens, decreases serum zinc,iron and copper (needed for bacterial replication), prevents viral repliation, facilitates transport of lymphocytes, enhances phagocytosis
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What is an active, multiphase process controlled by the RAS (reticular activating system)?
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sleep
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Dreams occurs during what sleep cycle?
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REM (rapid eye movement)
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Inability to fall asleep due to stress, illness or drugs.
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insomnia
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Chronic sleep disorder that inhibits air way from tongue and palate obstruction.
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
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Somnoabulism
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sleep walking
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vivid, realistic dreams
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night terrors
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bed wetting
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enuresis
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disconjugate gaze; muscle weakness in one eye
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strabismus
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decrease in visual acuity for unknown reason
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amblyopia
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jerking of eye
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nystagmus
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circumscribed defect; blind spot in central vision
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scotoma
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occurs with aging; cornea turns cloudy or yellow with glazed over appearance
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cataract
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near-sightedness
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myopia
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far-sightedness
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hyperopia
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light falls to one side of eye
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astigmatism
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normal intraocular pressure (IOP)
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12-20 mm Hg
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Obstruction to the flow of the aqueous fluid leads to increased IOP and _____.
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glaucoma
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What vision does glaucoma impair?
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central and peripheral vision
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Alteration in level of consciousness or arousal.
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coma
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What type of death occurs when the basic functions of life are gone?
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brain death (brain stem death)
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What type of death occurs when damage is permanent and irreversible?
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cerebral death
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Inability to recognize stiumulus?
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agnosia
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Inability to recognize objects that should be familiar.
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tactile agnosia
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Difficulty recognizing familiar places.
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spatial agnosia
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Inability to write.
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agraphia agnosia
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state of acute confusion
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delirium
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state of chronic confusion
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dementia
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normal intracranial pressure
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5-15 mm Hg or 60-180 cm H2O
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What range on the Glascow Coma Scale is considered a mild coma?
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13-15
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What range on the Glascow Coma Scale is considered a moderate coma?
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9-12
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What range on the Glascow Coma Scale is considered a severe coma?
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8 or less
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decreased muscle tone
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hypotonia
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increased muscle tone
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hypertonia
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Which crainial nerve is purely sensory; carries impulses for sense of smell.
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I. Olfactory
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What is the number and function of the Optic nerve?
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II. Purely sensory; carries impulses for vision
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Crainial nerve III. Motor impulses direct eye movement.
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Oculomotor
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Which crainial nerve has motor function for superior oblique muscle of the eye?
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IV. Trochlear
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What is the number and function of the Trigeminal nerve?
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V. Both motor and sensory for face
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What is the number and function of the Abducens nerve?
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VI. Motor function that sends impulses from eye muscles to brain
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What nerve has motor function of movements of the face and sensory function for taste?
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VII. Facial
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What nerve has a sensory function for hearing and equilibrium?
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VIII. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)
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What is the number and function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
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IX. Mixed function:
1) motor function of throat and salivary glands 2) sensory function for parynx, taste buds, and carotid artery pressure receptors |
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What nerve has sensory and motor function of the pharynx?
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X. Vagus
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What nerve has motor function of the back muscles, soft palate, and throat?
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XI. Spinal Accessory
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What is the number and function of the Hypoglossal nerve?
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XII. Motor function of tongue.
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paresis or plegia (decrease in movement)
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hypokinesia
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increase in movements
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hyperkinesia
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lack of or very slow movements
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akinesia/bradykinesia
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Trauma that has stretched the muscles of the neck.
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whiplash
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Alterations of the intervertebral disk tissue.
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DDD (degenerative disc disease)
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Alterations of the vertebra.
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DJD (degenerative joint disease)
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Structural defect of the spine involving the lamina or neural arch of the vertebra.
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spondylolysis
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This condition occurs when a vertebra slides forward in relation to the vertebra below.
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spondylolistesis
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Narrowing of the spinal collum.
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spinal stenosis
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A protrusion of part of the disk through a tear in the posterior rim of the vertebra.
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herniated intervertebral disk
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Nerve irritation.
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sciatica
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What kind of stroke occurs when plaque breaks away from the vessel causing occlusion and then ischemia to the brain?
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thrombotic strokes
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Development of or incomplete stroke.
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stroke-in-evolution
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What kind of stroke causes bleeding into the brain?
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hemorrhagic stroke
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Infection of the meninges.
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meningitis
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What manifestations are associated with meningitis?
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high fever, stiff neck, headache
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Localized collections of pus within the brain.
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brain abscesses
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Loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly; impaired judgement and decision making
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confusion
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Beginning loss of consciousness; lost last is recognition of self
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disorientation
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Limited spontaneous movement or speech; easy arousal with normal speech or touch; may or may not be oriented to time, place or person
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lethargy
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Mild to moderate reduction in arousal with limited response to the enviornment; falls asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely; answers questions with minimum response
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obtundation
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A condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from which the person may be aroused or caused to open eyes only by vigorous and repeated stiumulation; response is often withdrawal or grabbing at stiumulus
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stupor
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No verbal response to the external environment or to any stiumuli, noxious stiumuli such as deep pain or suctioning do not yeild motor movement
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coma
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Associated with purposeful movement on stimulation
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light coma
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Associated with nonpurposeful movement only on stiumulation
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coma
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Associated with unresponsiveness or no response to any stimulus
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deep coma
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