Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
The center for human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation adn voluntary movement.
|
|
|
Four Lobes
|
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, & Occipital.
|
|
|
Frontal Lobe
|
Personality, behavior, emotions, & intellectual function.
Precentral gyrus initiates voluntary movement |
|
|
Parietal Lobe
|
Sensation
|
|
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Visual
|
|
|
Temporal Lobe
|
auditory
|
|
|
Wernicke's Area
|
In temporal lobe: associated w/ language comprehension.
Damage: Person hears sound, but has no meaning. Like hearing a foreign language. |
|
|
Broca's Area
|
In frontal lobe: Mediates motor speech.
Damage: Person can't talk. Can understand language and knows what they want to say, but can only produce a garbled sound. |
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
Control automatic associated movements of the body. (eg. arm sing alternation with the legs during walking.)
|
|
|
Thalamus
|
Main relay station for the nervous system. Synapses occur here from spinal cord and brain stem. Information then goes to the cerebral cortex.
|
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
Major control center: Temperature, heart rate, BP control, sleep center, anterior and posteriosr pituitary gland regulator adn coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status.
|
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone. It adjusts and corrects voluntary movements. (playing the piano, swimming, juggling).
|
|
|
Brain Stem
3 Areas |
Central core of brain.
Midbrain Pons Medulla |
|
|
Midbrain
|
Contains many motor neurons and tracts. Most anterior part of brain stem.
|
|
|
Pons
|
Enlarged area containing ascending and descending fiber tracts.
|
|
|
Medulla
|
Continuation of SC in the brain, connecting the brain to the SC. Respiration, heart, GI function, nuclei for cranial nerves VIII & XII. Pyramidal decussation (crossing of motor fibers) occurs here.
|
|
|
Spinal Cord
|
Main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves, and it mediates reflexes.
|
|
|
Crossed Representation
|
Notable feature of nerve tract: Left cerebral cortex receives sensory info. from and controls motor function to the right side of the body., while the right cerebral cortex likewise interacts w/ the left side of the body.
|
|
|
Spinothalamic Tract
|
Contains sensory fibes that transmit the sensations of pain, temp., adn crude or light touch.
|
|
|
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
|
These Fibers conduct the sensations of position, vibration and finely localize touch.
|
|
|
Position
Proprioception |
W/out looking, you know where your body parts ae in space and in relation to each other.
|
|
|
Vibration
|
Feeling vibrating objects
|
|
|
Finely localized touch
Stereognosis |
W/out looking, you can identify familiar objects by touch.
|
|
|
Corticospinal or Pyamidal Tract
|
Fibers mediate voluntary movement, very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements (eg. writing).
|
|
|
Extrapyramidal Tracts
|
All motor nerve fibers origination in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord that are outsid the pyramidal tract. Primitive motor system. Maintain muscle tone & control body movements, gross automatic movements (eg. walking).
|
|
|
Cerebellar System
|
Coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium & helps maintain posture.
|
|
|
Upper motor neurons
|
Complex of all descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons.
Coricospinal, corticobulbar, & extrapyramidal tracts. UMN diseases: Cerebro-vascular accident, cerebral palsy & MS. |
|
|
Lower Motor Neurons
|
Located in peripheral nervous system. Final direct contact with muscles. Any movement has to be translated by LMN into action.
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nervous system. |
|
|
Nerve
|
Bundle of fibers outside of the CNS.
|
|
|
Reflex Arc
4 types |
Basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system. Involuntary, operate below level of conscious control. Also help body maintain balance and muscle tone.
Deep tendon reflexes Superficial Visceral Pathologic |
|
|
Deep tendon reflexes
(Myotatic) 5 components |
Patellar or knee jerk
Intact sensory nerve (afferent) Functional synapse in cord Intact motor nerve fiber (efferent) neuromuscular junction, competent muscle. |
|
|
Superficial
|
Corneal reflex, abdominal reflex
|
|
|
Visceral
(organic) |
Pupillary response to light and accomodation
|
|
|
Pathologic
(abnormal) |
Babinski's (extensor plantar reflex)
|
|
|
Cranial Nerves
|
Enter and exit the brain rather than the spinal cord.
CN I & II: from cerebrum CN III - XII: from lower diencephalon and brain stem 12 pairs supply primarily head & neck except vagus nerve, it travels to the heart, respiratory muslces, stomach and gallbladder. |
|
|
Spinal Nerves
|
31 pairs
Mixed sensory and motor |
|
|
CN I
|
Olfactory
Sensory Smell Function test: have person close eyes and check each nostril to see if they can smell what you place in front of them. |
|
|
CN II
|
Optic
Sensory Vision Function Test: Visual acuity (snellen) & confrontation test (peripheral). |
|
|
CN III
|
Oculomotor
Mixed Motor: Most EOM movement, opening of eyelids. Parasympathetic: Pupil constricion, lens shape. |
|
|
CN IV
|
Trochlear
Motor Down & inward movement of eye |
|
|
CN V
|
Trigeminal
Mixed Motor: muscles of mastication Sensory: Sensation of face, scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth & nose. |
|
|
CN VI
|
Abducens
Motor Lateral movement of eye |
|
|
CN VII
|
Facial
Mixed Motor: Facial muscles, close eye, labial speech, close mouth Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 of toungue. Parasympathetic: saliva & tear secretions. |
|
|
CN VIII
|
Acoustic
Sensory Hearing and equilibrium |
|
|
CN IX
|
Glossopharyngeal
Mixed Motor: Pharynx (phonation swallowing) Sensory: taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx (gag reflex). Parasympathetic: parotid gland, carotid reflex |
|
|
CN X
|
Vagus
Mixed Motor: pharynx & larynx (talking & swallowing) Sensory: general sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera. Parasympathetic: caotid reflex |
|
|
CN XI
|
Spinal Accesory
Motor Movement of trapezius & sternomastoid muscles. |
|
|
CN XII
|
Hypoglossal
Motor Movement of tongue |
|
|
Dermal segmentation
|
Cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.
|
|
|
Dermatome
|
A defined skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve. Dematomes overlap, this is useful because if one nerve is severed, most of the sensations can be transmitted by the nerve above or the nerve below.
|
|
|
Vertigo
|
Rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem.
|
|
|
Objective Vertigo
|
Feel like the room is spinning
|
|
|
Subjective Vertigo
|
Feel like you are spinning.
|
|
|
Seizures
|
Occur w/ epilepsy, a paroxysmal disease. Altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements & sensory disturbances. May occur with high fevers in infants and toddlers or they can be a sign of a neurologic disease.
|
|
|
Aura
|
Subjective sensation that comes before a seizure. Could be auditory, visual, or motor.
|
|
|
Seizure disorder
Relevant health questions |
Ever had convulsions? When did they start? How often do they occur?
Course and duration Motor Activity: Where in body do they begin? Do they travel through the body? 1 sid or both? Muscle tone tense or limp? Associated signs: Color change in face or lips. Loss of consciousness? how long? Automatisms (eyelid fluttering, eye rolling, lip smacking), incontinence? Postictal phase: After, are you told you spend time sleeping or have any confusion, weakness, headache or muscle ache? Precipitating Factors: Anything bring them on: activity, discontinuing meds., fatigue, stress? Are you on any meds? Coping strategies: How do they affect daily life, occupation? |
|
|
Tremors
|
Involuntary shaking, vibrating or trembling.
|
|
|
Paresis
|
Partial or incomplete paralysis.
|
|
|
Paralysis
|
Loss of motor function due to a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation.
|
|
|
Dysmetria
|
Inability to control ROM of muscles.
|
|
|
Parasthesia
|
Abnormal sensation (eg. burning, tingling).
|
|
|
Dysarthria
|
Difficulty forming words
|
|
|
Dysphasia
|
Difficulty w/ language comprehension or expression.
|
|
|
Anosmia
|
Decrease or loss of smell
(eg. tobacco use, allergic rhinitis, & cocaine use.) |
|
|
Ptosis
|
(Drooping) occurs w/ myasthenia gravis, dysfunction of cranial nerve III,or Horners syndrome.
|
|
|
Strabismus
|
(Deviated gaze) limited movement.
|
|
|
Nystagmus
|
Pendular movement- oscillations move equally L to R. or jerk- a quick phase in one direction and a slow phase on the other.
Occurs w/ disease of the vestibular system, cerebellum or brain stem. |
|
|
Flaccidity
|
Decreased resistance, hypotonic
|
|
|
Spasticity & Rigidity
|
Types of increased resistance.
|
|
|
Ataxia
|
Uncoordinated or unsteady gait.
|
|
|
Innability to Tandem walk?
|
Upper motor neuron lesion, like in MS, or acute cerebellar dysfunction such as alcohol intoxication.
|
|
|
Positive Romberg Sign
|
Loss of balance while closing eyes.
Occurs w/ cerebellar ataxia (MS, Alcohol intoxication.), loss of proprioception & loss of vestibular function. |
|
|
Dysdiadochokinesia
|
Lack of coordianation, slow, clumsy & sloppy response.
Occurs w/ cerebellar disease. |
|
|
Dysmetria
|
Clumsy movement w/ overshooting the mark and occurs w/ cerebellar disroders or acute alcohol intoxication. (Found in the finger to finger test).
|
|
|
Past ponting
|
Constant deviation to one side.
(finger to finger test). |
|
|
Hypoalgesia
|
Decreased pain sensation
|
|
|
Analgesia
|
Absent pain sensation
|
|
|
Hyperalgesia
|
Increased pain sensation
|
|
|
Hypoesthesia
|
Decrased touch sensation
|
|
|
Anesthesia
|
Absent touch sensation
|
|
|
Hyperesthesia
|
Increased touch sensation
|
|
|
Spinothalamic Tract
Responsible for: |
Pain, temperature, & light touch testing.
|
|
|
Posterior Column Tract
Responsible for: |
Vibration, Position (Kenesthesia), Tactile Discrimination (fine touch)- stereognosis, graphesthesia, Two point discrimination, Extinction, Point location.
|
|
|
Vibration test
|
Test person's ability to feel vibrations by putting a tuning fork over bony prominences. Person states when vibration starts and stops.
|
|
|
Position (Kinesthesia) test
|
Ability to perseive passive movements of extremeties. Done in hands or feet, move fingers up, down or neutral.
|
