Neurolinguistic Language Disorders

Front 1

Frontal Lobe

Back 1

Anterior portion of cortex

Bounded posterially by central fissure (Rolando) (ends at the central sulcus)

Associated with motor and movement

Front 2

Parietal Lobe

Back 2

Anterior boundary = central fissure
Roof of the brain (most superior portion) – associated with touch or sensation
Includes postcentral gyrus (SENSORY STRIP)

Front 3

Occipital Lobe

Back 3

Most posterior portion of brain – associated with vision
"occiput" means back of the head

Front 4

Temporal Lobe

Back 4

Dorsal (relating to or situated on the back of the body) boundary = lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure)

Posterior “bottom” portion of brain (sides/behind ears) – associated with hearing/ auditory function

Front 5

Meninges

Back 5

Three membranes that enclose the CNS
Dura mater (outermost)
Arachnoid (inner/middle membrane - with subarachnoid space)
Pia mater (on surface of brain)

Front 6

PNS

Back 6

Cranial nerves 12 pairs (head & neck)
Spinal nerves 31 pairs (trunk & limbs)

Front 7

CNS

Back 7

1. Spinal cord
2. Brain stem
3. Cerebellum
4. Diencephalon
5. Cerebrum (cerebrum + diencephalon = brain)

Front 8

Landmarks in brain tissue

Back 8

Brain Tissue: gyrus (or gyri - RIDGES), sulcus (or sulci - INDENTATIONS) and fissure (deep sulci)

Front 9

Brain covering

Back 9

Gray matter called CEREBRAL CORTEX

Front 10

Brain stem

Back 10

Midbrain (upper)
Pons
Medulla
Overall: serves as a conduit for all motor output from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and for all sensory input from the PNS to the CNS

Front 11

Landmarks in brain tissue

Back 11

Transverse fissure,
Corpus callosum,
Central sulcus (F of R)
Lateral sulcus (F of S)

Front 12

Cerebellum

Back 12

Responsible for controlling the rate, force, direction, and amplitude of volitional movements

Front 13

Spinal cord neurons

Back 13

Motor neurons in the spinal cord are located in the ANTERIOR horns (central grey matter)
Sensory neurons are located in the posterior horns

Front 14

Ventricles

Back 14

Four cavities filled with CSF deep w/i brain
2 - Lateral ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth ventricle (narrow tube)

Front 15

Choriod plexus

Back 15

Spongy mass of vascular tissue that is primary producer of CSF

Front 16

Diencephalon

Back 16

Deep in the brain, at the top of the brain stem
Contains the thalamus and the basal ganglia

Front 17

Thalamus

Back 17

Pair of egg shaped nuclei on each side of 3rd ventricle
Major relay center for motor info from motor cortex & for sensory info to sensory cortex
Many sensory pathways synapse at the thalamus
Role in maintaining consciousness, alertness & attention

Front 18

Basal ganglia

Back 18

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus and Substantia nigra - often lumped together to form the lenticular nucleus
Lenticular nucleus is separated fromt he caudate nucleus by internal capsule
Basal ganglia control the major muscle groups in trunk and limbs

Front 19

Transverse fissure

Back 19

separates the cerebral cortex from the cerebellum

Front 20

Corpus Callosum

Back 20

white matter that serves as an important pathway between the 2 hemispheres

Front 21

Central Sulcus or Fissure of Rolando

Back 21

divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 22

Lateral Sulcus or Fissure of Sylvius

Back 22

divides the temporal from the frontal/parietal lobes

Front 23

Cortical tissue 3 types

Back 23

1. Primary areas: control basic sensory or motor functioning, e.g., seeing something
2. Secondary (Association) areas: interpret information – NOT basic function – e.g., recognition that what you see is a cat. Secondary areas are always located next to the primary areas they are assisting
3. Tertiary areas: specialized areas, may be limited to humans; deal with abstract ideas, not associated with only one area – that is, not modality specific – e.g., pre-frontal works with all

Front 24

Flechsig’s Rule

Back 24

Primary areas of the brain do not interconnect with each other; they are isolated or cut-off from other areas of the brain – thus, called primary areas

Front 25

Primary visual cortex

Back 25

Area 17, or Calcarine Fissure (occipital lobe)

Front 26

Visual association

Back 26

Areas 18 & 19

Front 27

Post Central gyrus

Back 27

Primary sensory (or somatosensory) cortex; area 312 (parietal)

Front 28

Sensory association area

Back 28

Areas 5 & 7 (parietal)

Front 29

Angular gyrus

Back 29

Tertiary (Super Secondary); Area 39 (parietal)

Front 30

Herschel’s gyrus

Back 30

Primary auditory, Area 41

Front 31

Auditory association

Back 31

Weirincke’s area; Area 22

Front 32

Precentral gyrus

Back 32

Primary motor; Area 4 (frontal lobe)

Front 33

Motor Association

Back 33

Broca's Area; Nos. 44, 45 (oral motor - frontal lobe)

Front 34

Pre-frontal region

Back 34

Tertiary motor; Areas 9 – 12

Front 35

Arcuate fasciculus

Back 35

Connects regions in the temporarly lobes with regions in the frontal lobes; is important for some neurophysiologic explanations of language

Front 36

Blood supply to brain: overview

Back 36

Common CA (TR up neck); splits into Internal CA & External CA;
Internal CA goes to brain and joins the Circle of Willis

Front 37

Circle of Willis

Back 37

Joining of the ACA, PCA and Anterior Communicating, and Posterior Communicating arteries

Front 38

ACA

Back 38

Supply anterior & mesial portions of the right & left hemispheres

Front 39

MCA

Back 39

Supply lateral portions of right & left hemispheres

Front 40

Types of CVAs - overview

Back 40

Ischemic (Embolic, Thrombolic & Hypoperfusion)
hemorrhagic

Front 41

Embolic CVAs

Back 41

Fragment of blood clot or other material that travels in a vlood vessel until it obstructs blood flow
Causes OCCLUSIVE CVA

Front 42

Thrombolic CVAs

Back 42

Fixed clot in a blood vessel that is usually the result of buildup of plaque on the vessel wall
Causes OCCLUSIVE CVA

Front 43

Hypoperfusion

Back 43

Insufficient blood volume
Generalized damage

Front 44

Hemorrhagic CVAs

Back 44

bleeding int ot he cranium; hematoma forms and destroys brain tissue
Caused by: aneurysms, AV malformation

Front 45

Class definition of Aphasia

Back 45

An acquired disorder which affects language modalities (expressing, and/or comprehending language speaking, writing, gestures, reading, & auditory comprehension) to varying degrees; acquired after speech/language system is intact

Front 46

Aphasia statistics

Back 46

Incidence: new onset annually 80,000
Prevalence: currently have condition over 1 million

Front 47

Causes of Aphasia

Back 47

1) Stroke (700k people per year - but not all have Aphasia)
2) TBI
3) Dementia
4) Brain tumors (if in Lt Hemi)

Front 48

Stroke risk factors - can't change

Back 48

1) Aging
2) Heredity (heart disease, race)
3) Gender

Front 49

Stroke risk factors - can change

Back 49

Smoking
High BP
High cholesterol
Physical inactivity
Diabetes
Obesity
TIAs

Front 50

Warning signs of CVAs

Back 50

Sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm or leg - on one side
Sudden dimness or loss of vision, esp. in one eye
Loss of or diff understanding speech or diff. speaking
Sudden, severe headaches
unexplained dizziness, sudden falls

Front 51

FAST

Back 51

F - Face (smile)
A - Arms (raise both arms)
S - Speech (simple sentence)
T - Time - very important