Neurocognitive - Lecture 2 & 3

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

Process by which all sensory information is transformed, stored, reduced, elaborated, recovered, and used.

Front 2

Physical Symbol System Hypothesis

Back 2

It is the idea that cognition is symbol manipulation and all cognition is reliant on perception

Front 3

Components of cognition

Back 3

1. memory

2. attention

3. language

4. executive function

5. perception

6. organizing

7. learning

8. reasoning

Front 4

Memory

Back 4

Processes that result in relatively permenant change in behavior

--> not a unitary phenomenon and does not have a single psychological function

--> different memory systems rely on different neurological systems

Front 5

What is the earliest stage of processing called?

Back 5

Sensation

-sensory stores can be iconic or econic

Front 6

iconic stores

Back 6

Visual store/ information

--decays in about half a second (quicker than econic)

Front 7

econic stores

Back 7

Transient auditory store holding relatively unprocessed input

--lasts about 2 seconds

Front 8

Short term memory

Back 8

Two key components

1. Very limited capacity

2. Fragility of storage disruption

Capacity is assessed by span measures

ex: say 1,4, and 5 then repeat and increase numbers

Front 9

Recency effects

Back 9

Given a list you will remember the most recent things that have been given

Front 10

Baddeley and Hitch

Back 10

Replaced short term memory with working memory

-has three key characteristics

Front 11

Three characteristics

Back 11

1. central executive- the CEO of the brain. Tells us what to remember vs. what not to remember

--not been located in the brain yet

2. Phonological loop - we are able to rehearse

3. Visual spatial sketch pad- Similar to phonological loop. It allows us to reprocess and recirculate what we have already seen.

Front 12

Active memory

Back 12

Synonomyous with working memory

-whatever is on your mind- what you are thinking about

Front 13

Neural substrates of working memory

Back 13

Prefrontal regions of the frontal lobe

-most commonly damaged due to position of skull

One of the last regions to evolve in brain - important because extensive processing in the brain

Front 14

occipitoparietal cortex

Back 14

related to visualspatial working memory

Front 15

Declarative Memory

Back 15

Memories that can be conciously recalled (require effort)

Front 16

What we recall

Back 16

-fact memory

-factual information that can be decalred

-explicit memory

Front 17

semantic memory

Back 17

Conceptual knowledge is represented

-concepts are constructs we form about the world based on experience

-not limited to words-can have nonlinguistic concepts

ex:parallelogram activates visual representation parallel lines

Front 18

Episodic memory

Back 18

System that receives information temporally dated episodes or events, and temporal-spatial relations among them

Front 19

Lexical memory

Back 19

Memory for words, referents, and meaning, spelling, and pronunciation

-some believe subset of semantic memory

Front 20

Neural substrates of DM

Back 20

Three primary components; all of these areas work to acquire factual knowledge as well as help remember events

Front 21

Cortex

Back 21

A lot of information goes through here

ex:lexical memory in the left hemisphere

Front 22

Parahippocampal region

Back 22

specifically amygdala which regulates emotion

--we have memories because of emotions (ex: wedding day)

Front 23

Hippocampus

Back 23

-very important for learning new things

-vulnerable to stress

-linked to the ability for some children to learn

Front 24

Nondeclarative memory

Back 24

things we dont have concious memory of

--refers to several kinds of memory

>motor skills

>cognitive skills

>priming

Front 25

Motor skill memory

Back 25

motor procedures that are learned and the processes that support them

-performance of an action

Front 26

cognitive skill memory

Back 26

-umbrella term for cognitive procedures that occur unconciously

--Internal manipulation, happens without thinking

Front 27

Priming

Back 27

Facillation of performance as a consequence of previous experience with a stimulus and is typically measured in terms of accuracy of judgment or latency of responses

Front 28

Anterograde amnesia

Back 28

remembering new information; since onset of lesion

Front 29

Retrograde amnesia

Back 29

difficulty remember events prior to the onset of the lesion

Front 30

Aging and memory

Back 30

Not all memory systems affected equally as you age!

-workig and episodic memory are most vulnerable to aging

Front 31

4 statements of aging and memory

Back 31

1. with age humans slow down physically and physiologically

2. affects processing and retrieval more

3.not all types of memory equally vulnerable to the affects of aging

4. great variability exists in the psychological and physiological status of individuals over 65

Front 32

HAROLD model

Back 32

older adults more bilateral and prefrontal lateralization

-use more cerebral space

Compensatory strategy? just need more brain space to get the result

Front 33

Tip of the tongue

Back 33

universal phenomenom

-college students 1-2 per week

-early adults 2-4 per week

Front 34

Attention may

Back 34

-cause problems with focus on a cognitive task

-ability to maintain a coherant line of action

Front 35

alertness and arousal

Back 35

fundamental aspect of attention

-extract information from the environment

Front 36

focused attention

Back 36

select material/stimuli to be received as well as a response

-attending to only one task while competing task is present.