Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
With normal aging, brain weight _, this is possibly due to _.
However, studies indicated that the total number of _ are preserved |
declines, due to myelin loss and overall cell loss in the brain
principal neurons |
|
|
What circuits are more sensitive to aging than other?
|
hippocampal circuit (circuit of Papez, declarative memory), and neocortical circuit
|
|
|
_ has been shown to increase hippocampal neuronal spines in aging monkeys, and appears to enhance prefrontal function as well
|
Estrogen
|
|
|
The aging brain appears to compensate for it's many losses by
|
the physiological strengthening of selected types of connections.
|
|
|
Regarding aging and long term potentiation, the stimulus to induce LTP is _ in young and old patients, and the decay of the LPT goes to baseline more (slowly/rapidly) in aged subject
|
similar
rapidly (The enhanced decay is significantly correlated with the rapid forgetting) |
|
|
In an aging brain, there is a reduction in _ receptors, particularly in those areas that receive _ input
|
NMDA;
entorhinal cortical input |
|
|
The reduction of NMDA receptors along with some possible disruption in calcium ion balance within aging neurons may be one source of the disruption of _ , by reducing the calcium based linkage of activation with changes in synaptic efficacy.
|
long term potentiation
|
|
|
the _hypothesis of aging has been applied to explain the cognitive decline in normal brain aging
|
oxidative stress
There is some evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate more in aged brains |
|
|
the application of an _ diet an reverse some of the changes observed in LTP and other physiological differences associated with cognitive decline in normal aging
|
an antioxidant
|
|
|
There are three recognized stages of alzheimer's, what are they?
|
impairment of short term memory
loss of learning and cognitive skills levels of mobility, alertness, and arousal are affected. Pt is bedridden, incontinent and suffers from seizures |
|
|
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's is based on persistent decline of cognitive function in at least three of what domains?
|
visuospatial skills, cognition, emotion, personality, language, memory
|
|
|
At what point can a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease be confirmed?
|
At autopsy, with presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
|
|
|
AD cellular pathological processes begin in the_ and _and then progress across the _ and _ lobes
|
entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
limbic and frontal lobes. |
|
|
Degeneration of _neurons in the _ nucleus (typically about 75%cell loss) is a relatively consistent biomarker for AD
|
cholinergic
nucleus basalis of Meynert |
|
|
Amyloid Precursor Protein is normally cleaved by enzymes, called α β or γ-secretase: α,γ cleavage generates _ products, β,γ cleavage generates a _product
|
non-pathenogenic
pathenogenic (Aβ) |
|
|
Regarding the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease, Aβ forms _ that deposit outside neurons into _.
|
amyloid fibrils, into senile plaques.
Sometimes the amyloid fibrils accumulate in the walls of blood vessels - called amyloid angiopathy |
|
|
Neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated forms of _
|
the microtuble associated protein TAU
|
|
|
Another cellular level disruption in AD is the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, within neurons, possibly as a result of the _ stimulated by _ production
|
inflammatory processes stimulated by beta amyloid production.
|
|
|
Autosomal-dominant mutation on genes coding for _ and _ are associated the familial early onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease.
|
Presenilin1&2 and amyloid precursor protein
Mutated genes appear to promote the formation of the insoluble form of the protein |
|
|
The medications that are currently being used to treat Alzheimer's are _ and _.
|
cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonist
|
|
|
_ is an important tool in differentiating FTD from AD
|
MRI
|
|
|
Tangles appear to most closely associated with the death of neurons that _
|
project widely (nucleus basalis, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex ).
|
|
|
The ApoE4 allele is associated with _ and _
|
a higher plasma cholesterol and a higher risk of developing AD.
|
|
|
(T/F) Incidence of frontotemporal dementia increases with age
|
false,
unlike AD, the incidence of FTD does not increase with age |
|
|
What are the two primary presentations of frontotemporal dementia?
|
gradual changes in behavior, gradual progressive language dysfunction
|
|
|
Anterior temporal lobes are involved in _
|
some language and facial recognition
|
|
|
_ is caused by prions, that cause spongiform changes in the brain/inherited or transmitted by contact with blood or tissue
|
cruezfeldt-jakob disease
|
|
|
One difference between AD and vascular dementia is that movement disorders _
|
are present early in vascular dementia and late in AD
|
|
|
The presence of lacunar strokes in an MRI is a visual marker for what disorder?
|
vascular dementia
|
|
|
In transcortical motor aphasia, the patient can _, but not _
|
repeat, comprehend, but is not fluent.
This is an expressive aphasia |
|
|
In Wernicke's aphasia, the patient is _, but can't _
In BROCAs aphasia, the patient can _, but can't _ |
fluent, but can't comprehend or repeat, it affects comprehesion, they don't understand what you are saying to them but have intact cognitive processing
comprehend, but can't repeat and is not fluent. This involves the production of speech |
|
|
In transcortical sensory aphasia, the patient is _, but can't _
|
fluent and can repeat, but can't comprehend
|
|
|
In conducting aphasia, the patient is _, but can't _
|
fluent and can comprehend, but can't repeat
Conduction aphasia results from the disconnection of pathways between the major language centers. Usually this is the arcuate fasciculus that connects Wernike’s area (comprehension) with Broca’s area |
|
|
The lateral preoptic nucleus _.
A lesion would cause _ |
promotes non REM sleep
a lesion causes hyposomnia |
|
|
The Anterior nucleus of the thalamus stimulates _.
A lesion would cause _ |
PANS
hyperthermia |
|
|
The ventro and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus functions in _, a lesions results in _.
|
feeding (satiety center)
obesity |
|
|
The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates _, a lesions results in _
|
SANS
Horner's syndrome and inability to control temp (hypothermia) |
|
|
The lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates _, a lesions results in _
|
feeding
anorexia |
|
|
The tuberomammillary nucleus promotes _, a lesion results in _
|
wakefulness
hypersomnia |
