Neuro.block 2...again

Front 1

Proprioception from extraoculular muscles is necessary for __, and is carried through what nerve?

Back 1

Stereoscoptic vision (3D). Cranial Nerve V

Front 2

What are the three intrinsic eye muscles and their innervation?

Back 2

Ciliary (PANS via CN III), Sphincter Pupillae (CN III), Dilator Pupillae (SANS from superior cervical ganglion)

Front 3

What muscles are involved with opening and closing the eyelids?

Back 3

Opening: Levator Palebrae (CN III), Tarsal/Muller Muscles (SANS). Closing: Orbicularis Oculi (CN VII)

Front 4

The oculomotor nuclear group is located _. With the exception of _, motor neurons project to the (ipsilateral/contralateral) extraocular muscles.

Back 4

In the rostal midbrain beneath the cerebral aqueduct. Except for superior rectus, motor neurons are ipsilateral.

Front 5

"Lesions of the motor sections of CN III produce _deviation of the eye, _, and _.
"

Back 5

lateral deviation. diplopia and ptosis.

Front 6

What nucleus is responsible for lens accomodation and pupillary constriction.

Back 6

Edinger-Westphal nucleus. This nucleus contains cholinergic preganglionic PANS fibers. Lesions produce mydriasis (pupil dilation)

Front 7

The trochlear nucleus of CN IV is located _. It's axons innervate the (ipsilateral/contralateral) superior oblique.

Back 7

in the caudal midbrain near the cerebral aqueduct. Contralateral

Front 8

Lesions of the Trochlear Nucleus would produce what symptoms?

Back 8

Minor diplopia with appropriate orientation of the eye

Front 9

Abducens nucleus is located in the _, near the _. It's axons exit where?

Back 9

In the pons near the fourth ventricle. Axons exit in the inferior pontine sulcus

Front 10

What are saccades?

Back 10

rapid eye movements that direct the eyes to each new target. These are conjugate movements

Front 11

What are smooth pursuits?

Back 11

Slower movements that allow the eyes to follow moving targets. These are conjugate movements

Front 12

What are vergence movements?

Back 12

Movements that adjust for target distance by adjusting the angle between the eyes. These are disconjugate movements, where the eyes move in different directions

Front 13

Explain the pathway involving horizontal conjugate gaze

Back 13

Initiated by cortical and PPRF, activates abducens nucleus and surrounding interneurons. Interneurons enter MLF and ascend to contralateral oculomotor nucleus which will then activated medial rectus on opposite side. Inhibition of other lateral rectus takes place through the same interneurons

Front 14

Lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus can produce _.

Back 14

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Upon lateral gaze, the lateral rectus will abduct but the medial rectus will not adduct. This is typically the result of MS

Front 15

In a Right CN VI palsy, both eyes can look _, but only the left eye can look _.

Back 15

left; right. When trying to look right, the right eye stays forward while the left moves medial.

Front 16

What is the clinical manifestation of a lesion in the right abducens nucleus?

Back 16

Right lateral gaze palsy. This is where both eyes will be able to look left, but neither will be able to look right.

Front 17

What is the clinical manifestation of a lesion in the right PPRF?

Back 17

Right lateral gaze palsy. This is where both eyes will be able to look left, but neither will be able to look right.

Front 18

What is the clincal manifestation of a lesion of the Left MLF?

Back 18

Patient will be able to look left, but when he tries to look right, the left eye will stay straight and the right eye will look right but have nystagmus.

Front 19

Vertical conjugate gaze mechanisms are mediated by nuclei located near the __. The primary nucleus is the _.

Back 19

midbrain-diencephalon junction. Rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

Front 20

Disruption of the posterior commissure can produce _ deficits

Back 20

vertical gaze

Front 21

The frontal eye fields influence eye movements through direct connections to the _ centers and indirectly through the _. With lesions, eyes will deviate (toward/away from) the lesioned side

Back 21

vertical and horizontal gaze
superior collicus.
Toward the

Front 22

The superficial layer of the superior colliculus receives sensory visual information directly from _ and _ type retinal ganglion cells

Back 22

Y and W

Front 23

The coordination of smooth pursuit movements is modulated through the cerebellum through cortical connections through the _ nuclei and the _.

Back 23

pontine nuclei; and the vestibulocerebellum (flocculus and paraflocculus)

Front 24

Vergence movements involve what?

Back 24

"The near triad" aka near response. It includes the convergence of the eyes, constriction of pupils, and accomodation of lens to focus on the object.

Front 25

When comparing optokinetic compensatory movements and those modulated through the vestibulo-ocular reflex, what is the big difference? Which one is faster?

Back 25

Optokinetic movements use the visual image for the major correction rather than vestibular information. Optokinestic is faster (and more sensitive to movement)

Front 26

The sensory blink reflex uses CN _ and _.

Back 26

V and VII.

Front 27

Basal Ganglia modulate cortical signals that are responsible for what?

Back 27

General motor control, eye movements, cognitice functions, emotional functions

Front 28

The basal nuclei can be broken into two major complexes, what are they?

Back 28

Striatal complex and pallidal complex

Front 29

The caudate and putamen are part of the _ and are fused rostroventrally but separated by fibers of the _

Back 29

dorsal striatal complex; internal capsule

Front 30

The putamen is separated from the claustrum by the _

Back 30

external capsule

Front 31

The central striatal complex includes the what? (4)

Back 31

nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, olfactory tubercle, islands of calleja

Front 32

The subthalamic nucleus is located _ to the thalamus and above the _.

Back 32

ventral ; substantia nigra

Front 33

Branches from the _ supply the basal nuclei

Back 33

internal carotid

Front 34

All inputs to the basal nuclei arrive via the _

Back 34

striatum

Front 35

All outputs from the basal nuclei leave via the _ and _. The main target from here is the _

Back 35

medial segment of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata; thalamus

Front 36

The direct pathway through the basal ganglia (increases/decreases) cortex activity. The indirect pathway (increases/decreases) cortex activity.

Back 36

Direct - increase (Go pathway); indirect - decrease (No go)

Front 37

DA excites in the direct pathway through _ receptors, and inhibits in the indirect pathway through _ receptors

Back 37

D1 ; D2

Front 38

Basal ganglia are thought to be involved in _.

Back 38

Planning and execution of movement, procedural (habit) learning and memory

Front 39

Parkinson's disease is a _ disorder. The _ pathway becomes underactive, and the _ pathway becomes overactive.

Back 39

hypokinetic disorder ; direct ; indirect

Front 40

How can you treat parkinsons?

Back 40

L DOPA, Ach antagonists

Front 41

Huntington Disease is a _ disorder, involving the loss of _ interneurons, most likely due to _.

Back 41

hyperkinetic ; Acetylcholine interneurons; glutamate excitotoxicity (abnormal htt protein)

Front 42

Hemiballismus results from a lesion in the _ nucleus, and causes _ movements.

Back 42

subthalamic nucleus, involuntary flinging (in the contralateral extremity)

Front 43

(T/F) The basal nuclei directly initiate movement.

Back 43

False. They effect the OUTFLOW of the motor command signals

Front 44

The medullary raphe nuclei (e.g. the nucleus raphe magnus) send descending (caudal) projections to the _ and _ nuclei. Most (not all) of their functions regulate _ information

Back 44

brainstem and spinal cord ; sensory information

Front 45

The nucleus raphe magnus projects to the _ and makes connections with _ containing neurons. Stimulation of these pathways can produce _ with little effect on tactile stimuli

Back 45

spinal cord dorsal horn ; opiate ; analgesia

Front 46

The caudally projecting raphe nuclei also have connections with the _. Stimulation of this area can produce_.

Back 46

periaqueductal grey ; long lasting inhibition of pain ; *Opiate antagonists can block the stimualtion induced analgesia

Front 47

The nucleus raphe magnus projects via the_ to brainstem preganglionic autonomic neurons, and can influence autonomic activity

Back 47

DLF

Front 48

The major motor related nuclei in the central nuclear group are the origin of _ and _ tracts

Back 48

pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts

Front 49

The _ of the reticular formation contains nuclei that regulate respiration, cardiac cycle and blood pressure.

Back 49

medullary parvocellular area

Front 50

The dorsal respiratory group is the lateral region of the _. This is also known as the _ area

Back 50

solitary nucleus ; inspiratory

Front 51

"The dorsal respiratory group receives input from where? It projects to the _
"

Back 51

the superficial medullary group, and the carotid (CNIX) and aortic bodies(CNX) along with stretch receptors ; contralateral phrenic nucleus.

Front 52

The ventral respiratory group projects from_ to _. It is (excitatory/inhibitory) to phrenic and throacolumbar motor neurons associated with respiration.

Back 52

C1 to the caudal pons ; excitatory

Front 53

The Kolliker - Fuse nuclei is another term for what area?

Back 53

Pneumotaxic Center (regulates respiration)

Front 54

"The locus coeruleus (group _) is the major rostrally projecting nucleus and supplies much of the broad _ projections to the forebrain. It plays an important role in _
"

Back 54

A6; catecholamine ; sleep mechanisms.