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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What region of the brain is associated with working memory?
What is working memory? Limitations? How does it function contribute to long-term memory? |
Prefrontal Cortex
Limited-capacaity system only able to hold about 7 items for about 20-30 seconds Allows rehearsal and organization of information before permanently encoded |
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What type of memory does the Central Executive system contribute to? What are its subdivisions? How do they differ (information and brain areas)?
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Central Executive System comprises WORKING memory
Subdivided into: Visuospatial scratchpad (R Frontal lobe; visuospatial information) Phonological loop (L frontal lobe; speech-based information) |
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What normally occurs during the initial encoding stage of memory? Impact of frontal lesion on this?
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Encoding Stage:
Organize material (semantic clustering/chunking) Temporal/contextual tagging Efficient information processing (learning curve) In Frontal lzns: Poor organization of learning (serial clustering) Poor temporal tagging (where/when event occured) Shallow learning curve |
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What brain regions are involved in the permanent storage stage of memory? Impact of frontal lesion on this?
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Permanent storage:
Hippocampus Posterior Association Cortex Frontal Lesion: Relatively intact encoding of material |
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What normally occurs during the retrieval stage of memory? Impact of frontal lesion on this?
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Retrieval:
Active organization of retrieval strategy Seleection/elimination of alternatives METAMEMORY (feeling of confidence/probability judgment) Frontal Lesion: Poor organization unless given retrieval strategy Prone to perseverative (repeat words already listed) and intrusion erros (will retrieve words that were NOT in list) Difficulty establishing temporal/sptaial context Do better with recognition than free recall |
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If a patient with a frontal lesion were given a complex figure to trace, what would you observe?
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Patient wouldn't be able to organize when copying (no strategy); (DYSEXECUTIVE effect on learning/recall)
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What is declarative memory? What are its subdivisions?
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Declarative memory is knowledge of episodes and facts that can be consciously recalled
-Knowing that sometjhing occured Subdivisions: Episodic (knowing words from a recent list) Semantic (knowing that a cat is an animal) |
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What is episodic memory? Brain regions involved?
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Information from a particular episode; specific temporal/spatial context (recalling words from List A and not List B)
Processing: DM nuc thalamus Mammilary Bods Hippocampus Perm storage: Post cortex via entorhinal cortex |
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Symptoms of hippocampal amnesia?
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Episodic Amnesia (pt HM)
Anterograde amnesia (this occured post-operatively) |
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Clinical features of Alzheimer's dementia?
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Gradual onset
Normal neuro exam Diffuse cortical and subcortical atrophy, hippocampal atrophy Abnormalities in naming, construction, memory |
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What is semantic memory? Brain regions involved?
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Knowledge independent of contextual cues (how many feet in a yard, name of first president)
Posterior Assocn Cortex as network of interrelated categories, concepts |
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Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?
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Frontal subtype:
Early changes in bhvr/personality Dysexecutive and inhibitory deficits (touch self sexually in public) Frontal memory impairment (no frank amnesia like in AD) Posterior fn spared Primary Progressive Aphasia subtype: Language deficits progress to mutism Semantic knowledge loss |
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Signs of semantic amnesia?
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Remember episodes of time, but not meaning of words, names
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What is procedural memory? Brain regions involved?
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Unconscious remembering expressed through performance of a task
-KNOWING HOW (to tie shows, play an instrument) -Basal ganglia |
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What are the subdivisions of working memory?
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Working memory:
-Declarative -Episodic -Semantic -Procedural |
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Cause of Korsakoff's Syndrome? Symptoms?
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Thiamine deficiency usually 2º to EtOH abuse results in b/l thalamic lesions (diencephalic)
Cognitive deficits: Anterograde amnesia for declarative info Retrograde amnesia for declarative info with temporal gradient (recent worse than remote) -Abulia |
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What is abulia?
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lack of will/initiative (more extreme form of apathy)
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Sign of Wernicke's encephalopathy?
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Ophthalmoplegia (diverging gaze when following finger), ataxic gait
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What region of the thalamus is affected by Korsakoff's Syndrome?
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Dorsomedial thalamus
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Effect of Korsakoff's Syndrome on procedural memory?
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None, because basal ganglia is okay!
PRIMING IS PRESERVED TOO |
