Neurobiological Drug Effects

Front 1

The mind seems to be different in nature from the physical things like the brain. What is the relationship between the mind and brain?

Back 1

Mind is our consciousness.

Brain is neurological functioning.

Front 2

What is the dominant theory today regarding mind-brain relationship?

Back 2

Identity Theory

Front 3

Over time there have been different historical positions about the mind-brain relationship. What kinds of theories have resulted?

Back 3

dualism, Identity Theory

Front 4

If you put electrodes in the auditory cortex and stimulate that part of the brain what happens?

Back 4

the person hears a particular sound memory

Front 5

If you stimulate the auditory cortex with electrodes repeatedly what happens?

Back 5

the person hears the same sound memory each time (perfect association)

Front 6

What do we learn about the mind-brain relationship from imaging techniques such as MRI and PET scans?

Back 6

every time the person thinks of the same thing a particular pattern emerges (perfect association)

Front 7

Organisms with larger brain/body ratios generally have more developed brains or less developed brains?

Back 7

more

-the more brain you have, the more mind you seem to have

Front 8

If something changes in the brain what happens to the mind?

Back 8

changes in the brain produce changes in the mind

Front 9

If the brain shuts down what happens to the mind?

Back 9

it is also shut down

ex. coma

Front 10

The density of neurons in the brain is a function of what?

Back 10

age

-neurological development coincides with psychological development

Front 11

If the right side of the brain is damaged (ex. through a stroke) what impairments would you expect to see?

Back 11

left motor skills diminished and visual/special impairment

Front 12

if the left side of the brain is damaged through a stroke what impairments would you expect to see?

Back 12

language and motor skills on the right side would be impaired

Front 13

Is there any evidence that the mind/soul exists in the absence of brain activity?

Back 13

No

Front 14

What is the computer analogy?

Back 14

This is Identity Theory.

-on one level a bunch of integrated circuits with electromagnetic interactions operating in a binary code

-at another level is the software you interact with presented on the screen

-changes in what appears on the screen are perfectly coincident with changes occurring in the integrated circuits; software does operate without activity in integrated circuits

Front 15

The nervous system of the body is divided into two areas. What are they?

Back 15

The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.

Front 16

What parts of the body make up the Central Nervous System?

Back 16

this is the brain and spinal cord

Front 17

The Peripheral System is divided into two areas. What are they?

Back 17

The Automatic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System.

Front 18

What does the Automatic Nervous System do?

Back 18

communicates with the internal organs and glands

Front 19

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

Back 19

Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles.

Front 20

The Automatic Nervous System is divided into two areas. What are they?

Back 20

Sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

Front 21

What does the Sympathetic Division oversee?

Back 21

arousal

Front 22

What does the Parasympathetic Division oversee?

Back 22

calming

Front 23

The Somatic Nervous System is divided into two areas. What are they?

Back 23

Sensory Nervous System (sensory input) and the Motor Nervous System (motor output)

Front 24

What is the oldest part of the brain?

Back 24

Medulla

Front 25

What does the Medulla regulate?

Back 25

-critical metabolic functions

-eating, sleeping, breathing

Front 26

What drugs effect the Medulla?

Back 26

-some barbiturates and opiates

-overdose is usually due to suppression of respiratory center

Front 27

The area of the brain just above the Medulla is called?

Back 27

Pons

Front 28

What does the Pons do?

Back 28

connects higher brain centers with cerebellum

Front 29

Do drugs effect the Pons?

Back 29

it's not clear if any drugs effect the Pons

Front 30

What part of the Nervous System is responsible for the fight or flight response?

Back 30

The Sympathetic Division.

Front 31

What part of the brain controls motor skills, balance and some learning capabilities?

Back 31

the Cerebellum

Front 32

Where is the Cerebellum located?

Back 32

at the back and base of the brain across from the Pons

Front 33

What is the Reticular Activating System?

Back 33

the central core of fibers in the brainstem

Front 34

What does the Reticular Activating System do?

Back 34

its responsible for general activation and deactivation (this is what shuts off your brain at night so you can sleep and wakes you up in the morning)

Front 35

What ingredient in diet pills stimulate the hypothalamus that in turn surpasses the hunger center (satiety center)?

Back 35

amphetamine

Front 36

What is the Endocrine System?

Back 36

glands which release chemicals directly into the blood stream

Front 37

What glands make up the Endocrine System?

Back 37

pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries (female) and testis (male)

Front 38

What functions in the body is the pituitary gland responsible for?

Back 38

metabolic function

Front 39

What does the pituitary gland do?

Back 39

a) secretes hormones influencing other endocrine glands (adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, testes/ovaries)

b) secretes hormones which directly affect heart, kidneys, uterus, circulation

Front 40

What is the limbic system involved in?

Back 40

emotional regulation

Front 41

What drugs affect the limbic system?

Back 41

cannabis and benzodiazepines

Front 42

What specific structures/areas of the brain make up the reward pathway of the brain?

Back 42

central tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and part of the prefrontal cortex

Front 43

The pathways linking the reward pathway structures of the brain are known as?

Back 43

mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways

Front 44

What is the primary neurochemical involved in the Reward Pathway of the brain?

Back 44

dopamine

Front 45

What drugs affect the ventral tegmental area of the brain?

Back 45

opiates, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Front 46

What drugs affect the Nucleus Accumbens area of the brain?

Back 46

amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, THC, phencyclidine, nicotine

Front 47

All serious drug addictions are caused by drugs that effect what pathway in the brain?

Back 47

the reward pathway

Front 48

What does the Reward Pathway of the brain do?

Back 48

stimulates dopamine/pleasure

Front 49

What does the thalamus do?

Back 49

relays sensory and motor signals to the cortex

Front 50

What drug affects the thalamus and effect does the drug have?

Back 50

MDMA(ecstacy) kills cells in the thalamus (neurotoxic effect)

Front 51

What does the Basal Ganglia do?

Back 51

participate in control of movement and habit formation

Front 52

What drugs effect the Basal Ganglia area of the brain?

Back 52

cannabis

Front 53

What disease is associated with the Basal Ganglia area of the brain?

Back 53

Parkinson's Disease

Front 54

Man is made unique by this structure of the brain. What is it?

Back 54

cerebrum

Front 55

What is the cerebrum?

Back 55

the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body

Front 56

What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

Back 56

language and analytic thought

Front 57

What is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

Back 57

spatial reasoning, music, emotion

Front 58

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 58

is the cable connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Front 59

What effect does drug action have on the cerebrum?

Back 59

Very little is known about drug action in this part of the brain but many drugs affect it to some extent.

Front 60

What is grey matter?

Back 60

a thin covering of the brain that is just a few millimeters thick

Front 61

The body has ways of ending action of its naturally occurring info-transferring substances (hormones and neurotransmitters). How does the body treat drugs in the system?

Back 61

the body attempts to treat drugs the same way it treats naturally occurring info-transferring substances by removing it or changing it into an inactive substance

Front 62

Why are drug test done on urine samples?

Back 62

because most drugs show up in urine samples

Front 63

What drugs cannot be detected in urine samples?

Back 63

alcohol or solvents

Front 64

How are drugs like alcohol and solvents excreted?

Back 64

threw exhaling

Front 65

Name a problem with urine testing for drugs?

Back 65

some drugs quickly exit the body and so might exit before the sample is tested

Front 66

Sweat patches detect any drug that has been sweated out in what time period?

Back 66

3 weeks

Front 67

What test can be done to detect drug use within the past year?

Back 67

hair testing -a very small percentage of drug gets into the hair

Front 68

What primary organ of the body attempts to remove and/or change drugs in the body?

Back 68

the liver working in conjunction with the kidney

Front 69

When a drug is taken orally how does it pass into the bloodstream?

Back 69

it is passively diffused through gastrointestinal tract. Most drugs are lipid soluble and pass through membranes to blood.

Front 70

What drugs effect the cerebellum?

Back 70

alcohol

-motor skills and balance are effected when a person is impaired

Front 71

What kinds of drugs show up in feces?

Back 71

usually lipid insoluble ionized drugs aren't absorbed easily and are excreted in the feces

Front 72

What does the liver do when it detects foreign lipid-soluble substances (drugs)?

Back 72

it produces enzymes to make them less lipid-soluble

Front 73

Once enzymes in the liver have made a drug lipid-insoluble what happens next?

Back 73

they are carried to the kidneys where they are excreted in the urine

Front 74

The kidneys consist of several million filtration units. What are they called?

Back 74

nephrons

Front 75

What is the makeup of a nephron?

Back 75

each nephron consists of a knot of capillaries called glomerulus

Front 76

If you are trying to quit smoking what should you not drink?

Back 76

fruit juice

-Instead drink baking soda and alter the pH of the stomach. This makes nicotine (a base) hand around longer so you have less cravings.

Front 77

You have amphetamine overdose. What drug should you take?

Back 77

It depends on whether the original drug you took was a base or acid and whether you want the drug to quickly exit the body or linger longer.

Front 78

List some drugs that are acidic.

Back 78

salicylic acid, phenobarbitol

Front 79

List some drugs that are basic.

Back 79

nicotine, amphetamine, morphine

Front 80

What is the active ingredient in cannabis?

Back 80

THC

Front 81

What is half-life?

Back 81

refers to the amount of time it takes to eliminate 50% of a drug in the system

Front 82

What drug has a long half-life?

Back 82

benzodiazopines

Front 83

What drug has a short half-life?

Back 83

nicotine, alcohol

Front 84

What is tolerance?

Back 84

tolerance is when a person needs higher and higher doses to achieve the same effect

Front 85

What is dependence?

Back 85

dependence is when you need a drug to avoid withdrawal and to function normally

Front 86

Developing dependence is dependent upon?

Back 86

the type of drug, the type of person and the reason for using

-drugs that produce good moods are reinforcing

-drugs that are used to escape are also reinforcing

Front 87

Animals will readily work for all drugs humans work for except:

Back 87

marijuana, hallucinogens, caffiene

Front 88

Any drug if taken frequently

Back 88

has the potential for dependence

Front 89

Give an example of a drug that often develops strong tolerance and strong dependence.

Back 89

heroin, alcohol and barbiturates

Front 90

Give an example of a drug that develops strong tolerance but weak dependence.

Back 90

marijuana, hallucinogens

Front 91

Give an example of a drug that has weak tolerance and weak dependence.

Back 91

aspirin, birth control pills, antidepressants

Front 92

Cross tolerance can be used in positive ways. Explain how and give examples.

Back 92

-Ritalin can be used in place of cocaine

-valium in place of alcohol

-methadone in place of heroin

-helps counteract withdrawal

-often the substitute drug is less harmful to the body

-can help addics break their addictions

Front 93

What happens if a drug is repeated taken?

Back 93

increased liver enzyme action

Front 94

Two primary mechanisms are at work for most drugs. What are they?

Back 94

1. increased liver enzyme action

2. cellular tolerance

Front 95

A third mechanism might be at work for some drugs. What is it?

Back 95

immune reaction but it is not clear what extent this occurs

Front 96

If a person has a drug in a new location what might result?

Back 96

the effect can be so high they overdose even though normally they take that amount of drug

Front 97

Since classical conditioning seems to play a role in tolerance. True or false

Back 97

true