Neurobio Final

Front 1

ampullae of lorenzini (1600s)

Back 1

sharks have pits on face

Front 2

parker

Back 2

lateral line of catfish

Front 3

lateral line

Back 3

sensory system

Front 4

cupula

Back 4

jelly-like covering of neuromast

Front 5

neuromast

Back 5

mechanoreceptor

input to mauthner cells

Front 6

Ad Kalmijn

Back 6

sharks

found that any animal in water gives off electric fields by ion leakage into the water

Front 7

michael faraday is known for the

Back 7

law of induction

Front 8

law of induction

Back 8

move a conductor through a mag field, an electric field will be generated

Front 9

lines of equipotential

Back 9

lines around elec field

lines along which charged particles move

Front 10

what are the lines of equipotential used for

Back 10

navigation

Front 11

bill of DBP

Back 11

duct-gland electroreceptors (ampullary organs)

50,000 push rods (eimer's organs)

50,000 electroreceptors

Front 12

majority of DBP cortex is taken up by

Back 12

bill

Front 13

how do ampullary organs work

Back 13

detect electric field generated by animals' muscle movements

detect nanovolt changes

Front 14

that is in the eletroreception pore

Back 14

free nerve endings

Front 15

sharks and salamanders both lack

Back 15

neocortex

Front 16

neocortex of DBP is like a mix of ___ and ___ and is similar to the ____ of the eyes

Back 16

electroreception, mechanoreception, ocular dominance columns

Front 17

pettigrew

Back 17

mechanoreception and electroreception in DBP

time delay in the movement of prey between mechano and electro

Front 18

what does the time delay in the movement of prey between mechano and electro measure

Back 18

distance location of prey

Front 19

coelacanth

Back 19

hundreds of millions of years old

has ampullary organs

Front 20

latamir

Back 20

found the coelacanth

Front 21

strongly electric species

Back 21

catfish (350 V)

eel (650 V)

ray/torpedo (hundreds)

stargazer

Front 22

where are the strongly electric species found respectively

Back 22

catfish - african

eel - south american

ray and stargazer - saltwater

Front 23

weakly electric

Back 23

mormyrids

gymnotids

Front 24

mormyrids

Back 24

african

nocturnal

tiny electric fields

Front 25

gymnotids

Back 25

nocturnal

Front 26

what is special about the electroreception of gymnotids and mormyrids

Back 26

used for navigation and location detection

Front 27

Lissman

Back 27

studied how the weakly electric species navigate

Front 28

electric organ discharge

Back 28

wave: continuous buzz- 300-400 Hz

pulse: voluntary control of the buzz

Front 29

active electroreception

Back 29

using ER for navigation and search

occurs with passive ER also

Front 30

electrocytes

Back 30

ampullary organs detect passive ER

tuberous organs detect animal's own field

Front 31

Tuberous organs

Back 31

skin acts as electrosensory retina

give off elec field

detect that a conductor is nearby based on image projected on skin

Front 32

if the conductor is good/close, the tuberous organs detect ___; and if bad/far

Back 32

a high density of electricity, the opposite

Front 33

three electric organs on eels

Back 33

main

sack's

hunter's

Front 34

when searching for prey what organs does the eel use

Back 34

all of them in conjunction

Front 35

where are all the internal organs located in the eel

Back 35

head

Front 36

facilitation and why does it occur

Back 36

each fire of an AP gets larger over consecutive pulses

more vesicles fuse releasing more neurotransmitter

Front 37

what are the two strategies eels use if they run into each other

Back 37

jamming avoidance response

echoing

Front 38

jamming avoidance response

Back 38

detect frequency of other eel to see if it is higher or lower; if its higher, it will adjust higher, and if its lower, it will adjust lower

Front 39

echoing and interference

Back 39

to avoid interference, the eel will not give off another pulse immediately after

Front 40

westby

Back 40

monitoring Gymnotes Carapo

studied hunting behavior of prey when hunted by eels

Front 41

in what part of the brain do fish have an electrosensory map

Back 41

optic tectums

Front 42

what is significant about the maps at the lover level

Back 42

each map is a mirror image of the ones adjacent to it

Front 43

spatial ventriliquism

Back 43

perception of the spatial location of an auditory stimulus can be captured by a spatially disparate visual stimulus

Front 44

McGirk effect

Back 44

how vision influences perception of sound

Front 45

true or false

vision is very good at extracting temporal info

Back 45

false

vision is not good at extracting temporal info

Front 46

Berry Stein

Back 46

detection of sub-threshold stimuli

when combined in 2+ modalities, the AP is summed and only then is the threshold reached

Front 47

what three variables does the nervous system use to put modalities together

Back 47

time

space

inverse effectiveness

Front 48

nervous system and its modality blending

time

Back 48

temporal relationship between stimuli

if it happened close in time, it happened together

Front 49

nervous system and its modality blending

space

Back 49

things that happened at the same spot happened together

Front 50

nervous system and its modality blending

inverse effectiveness

Back 50

amplitude and integration is strongest when the stimuli is weak or unreliable

Front 51

what is the mammalian version of the optic tectum

Back 51

superior colliculus

Front 52

a principle area of the brain for multisensory integration is

Back 52

superior colliculus

Front 53

describe the first 3 layers and the second 4 layers of the superior colliculus

Back 53

1st 3: vision

2nd 4: cytoarchitecturally defined; multisensory

Front 54

true or false

multisensory neurons have multiple overlapping receptive fields

Back 54

true

Front 55

which system has the larger receptive fields: vision or auditory

Back 55

auditory

Front 56

what happens if the left/right of the superior colliculus is damaged

Back 56

contrallateral semi-stimuli neglect

Front 57

which system is there a time delay associated with: vision or auditory

Back 57

vision

Front 58

multisensory enhancement

Back 58

when the vision and auditory systems work in conjunction in which a boost in APs and behavioral gain are observed

Front 59

neuronal response depression

Back 59

when the vision and auditory systems work in conjunction in which a lessening in APs and lessened behavioral gains are observed

Front 60

stimulus onset asynchrony

Back 60

there is a time when response is highest

the time between the beginning of one stimulus and the beginning of another

Front 61

latency matching

Back 61

spot in which time delay of vision is compensated by audition and this causes shiat to line up and enhance

Front 62

discharge train overlap

Back 62

responses that do not line up

Front 63

inverse effectiveness

Back 63

Wallace and Stein

as responses level decreases, the gain from combining modalities increases

Front 64

what do neurons in the superior colliculus do to enhance the signal as much as possible

Back 64

integrate information through multiple modalities

Front 65

response depression

Back 65

unisensory

when 2 visual stimuli are received at the same time, combining them results in a decrease in response

Front 66

multisensory integration depends on what type of inputs

Back 66

cortical associative

Front 67

in the mouse brain, which area is a barrolette

Back 67

S1

Front 68

Neurons increase with age but are not integrated

integration comes with ____

receptive field of those new neurons are ____ but ____ with sensory experience

spatial receptive fields are ____ defined in early postnatal multisensory neurons

Back 68

experience

huge, decrease

poorly

Front 69

spatial disparity results in spatial _____

separation is congruent with ____

separated receptive fields maintain _____

Back 69

receptive field separation

amount of shift

integration

Front 70

sensory experience ____ time perception in humans

Back 70

recalibrates

Front 71

true or false

auditory experience will always precede visual experience

Back 71

false

auditory experience will never precede visual experience

Front 72

trepanation

Back 72

evidence that up to 10,000 yrs, ppl have been cutting holes into others' skulls and they survive

Front 73

what was the goal of trepanation

Back 73

increase blood flow

Front 74

aristotle

Back 74

thought the heart was the seat of intelligence

Front 75

galen

Back 75

physician to the gladiator

body controlled by brain

cerebellum was motor control and cortex was processing

Front 76

bell and magendie

Back 76

dorsal and ventral roots

bell used anesthisia

Front 77

what happens if dorsal roots are cut

what happens if ventral roots are cut

Back 77

lose sensation but not movement

lose movement but not sensation

Front 78

gall

Back 78

phrenology

discovered the sulci and gyri on the cortex

Front 79

bigalow

Back 79

no localization in the brain (countered Gall and phrenology)

Front 80

according to bigalow, if you lose 10% of the brain, what happens

Back 80

you lose 10% of all functions, not just one

Front 81

who was Fowler

Back 81

follower of Gall

Front 82

significance of Phineas Gage's accident

Back 82

proved that phrenology was correct about localization but wrong in theory

Front 83

damage to broca's area

Back 83

difficulty in speech production; can be comprehended but no grammar

Front 84

Aubertin

Back 84

while cleaning wound of failed suicide patient, pressed spatula on left side of brain, and the patient couldnt talk

Front 85

damage to wernike's area results in

Back 85

accurate speech production but makes no sense

Front 86

WADA

Back 86

inject barbituate to selectively anethsitize hemisphere to find tumor

Front 87

WADA

if you are right handed

Back 87

96% of left side is speech dominated

Front 88

WADA

if you are left handed

Back 88

70% of left side is speech dominated, 15% or right side, and 15% bilateral

Front 89

Saturday night palsy

Back 89

shows difference between CNS and PNS

if neuron is cut/crushed, lack of sensation and motor control occurs

Front 90

saturday night palsy occurs in the

Back 90

PNS