Neurobio Exam#3

Front 1

What are the 3 constraints of adaptive perfection?

Back 1

Failure of appropriate mutations to occur, Pleiotrophy, and Coevolution.

Front 2

Define the constraint "Failure of appropriate mutations to occur."

Back 2

Prevents selection from keeping up with enviornmental change.

Front 3

Define the constraint "Pleiotrophy."

Back 3

One gene, multiple effects.

Front 4

Define the constraint "Coevolution."

Back 4

The kind of evolution that occurs when different species interact in ways that affect the fitness of each others members.

Front 5

How is the adaptationist’s approach used to explain mobbing to protect eggs?

Back 5

That mobbing behavior distracted certain predators, reducing the chance of finding the offspring and increasing the fitness of the parents.

Front 6

How is the comparative methods used to explain how mobbing makes sense in birds living in colonies?

Back 6

If mobbing by black-headed gulls is an evolved response to predation, then other gull species whose offspring are at risk should not exhibit mobbing behavior.

Front 7

What is convergent evolution?

Back 7

The independent acquistion over time through natural selection of similar characteristics in two or more unrelated species.

Front 8

What is divergent evolution?

Back 8

The evolution by natural selection of differences among closely related species that live in diff enviornments & are therefore subject to diff selection pressures.

Front 9

What is a search image?

Back 9

an image in your mind of something your familar with

Front 10

What is disruptive coloration?

Back 10

An effective camouflage device, above and beyond background matching. Ex: Zebras, tiger, and angel fish.

Front 11

What is cryptic coloration?

Back 11

Coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape. Ex: Tarantula & Ant eating lizard

Front 12

What is camouflaging?

Back 12

Concealment by disguise or protective coloring.

Front 13

What is countershading?

Back 13

Animals with dark backs and light bellies. Ex: Sharks, penguins, & squirrels.

Front 14

What is masquerading?

Back 14

Insects that have green or brown coloration, leaf-like patterns of venation, and flattened shapes.
They also behave like leaves by remaining still or swaying. Ex: Sea Dragon&leaf ant.

Front 15

What is being quiet for the fish?

Back 15

When a dolphin whistles&pops and when a shrimp pops.

Front 16

What is the Dilution Effect?

Back 16

Saftey in numbers that comes from swamping the ability of local predators. Ex: Zebras & masses of butterflies.

Front 17

What are the choices animals can make when encountering predators?

Back 17

Fleeing
Approaching
Feigning Death
Signaling to Predators
Fighting Back

Front 18

What is fleeing?

Back 18

Flight Initiation Distance.

Front 19

What is approaching? Give an example.

Back 19

The Thomson’s Gazelle. They approach Cheetahs and Lions but,
don‘t approach Hyenas and Wild African Dogs. Also faking an injury.

Front 20

What is feigning death? Give an example.

Back 20

Pretend to be dead. Ex: Opossum and Snout Beetle.

Front 21

What is signaling to predators?

Back 21

Aposematic Coloration, such as recognizable markings of an animal that serve to warn potential predators of the nuisance or harm that would come from attacking or eating it.

Front 22

Define fighting back. Give an example.

Back 22

Fighting predators, Mimicry such as Batesian and Mullerian.

Front 23

Define Batesian.

Back 23

a form of mimicry typified by a situation where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator. Ex: Monarch and Viceory butterflies.

Front 24

Define Mullerian.

Back 24

Where two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals. Ex: Tephritid fly, the bees.

Front 25

What is a selfish herd?

Back 25

When a group of animals are together for protection (to hide behind others) rather than social reasons.

Front 26

Know the optimal theory for covey size in bobwhite quail.

Back 26

The probability that an individual would survive on any given day, its survival rate is a benefit. The distance traveled is a cost. All for about 11 birds.

Front 27

What are the 4 hypothesis for the stotting behavior in Thomsons gazelles?

Back 27

Alarm signal hypothesis, social cohesion hypothesis, confusion effect hypothesis, and pursuit deterrence hypothesis.

Front 28

What is Hamiltons Rule?

Back 28

rb-c>0

Front 29

What is the Parent-Offspring conflict and why does it exist?

Back 29

Parent is related to themselves by 100% and to the child to only 50%. While the child is realted to themself by 100% and they believe they should have more.

Front 30

What are the four pathways to cooperation?

Back 30

Byproduct mutualism, Group selection, Reciprocity, and Kin selection.

Front 31

Define Byproduct mutualism.

Back 31

as a consequence of behaving selfishly, the donor without knowing benefits the recipient.

Front 32

Define Group Selection.

Back 32

An idea that has been around a long, long time. Usually not correct.

Front 33

Define Reciprocity.

Back 33

When one animal helps another but the help might be returned in the future.

Front 34

Define Kin Selection.

Back 34

More likely to do something for yourself or a blood relative.

Front 35

What is the Prisoners Dilemma?

Back 35

Occurs when one indivdual accepts assistance from the other but does not return the favor.

Front 36

What is the waggle dance?

Back 36

A dance that tells the other bees how far away the food is and the direction they should fly in to find it.

Front 37

What is the round dance?

Back 37

This tells other bees there is food nearby.

Front 38

What is the Ideal Free Distribution?

Back 38

If given the chance animals will distribute themselves spatially in ways that maximize their reproductive & fitness success.

Front 39

What is the Competitive Unit model?

Back 39

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