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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS
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Central Nervous System:
-Brain -Spinal Cord |
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PNS
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Peripheral Nervous System:
-Everything not in CNS |
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Camilla Golgi
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Believed neurons were connected
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Santiago Ramony Y Cajal
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Believed Neurons to be independent
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Neuron Doctrine
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neurons are anatomically, physiologically, metabolically individual units
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Palade & Sanford Palay
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Used electron microscope to show synaptic cleft (first proof of neuron doctrine)
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soma/somata
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5 - 135 microns in diameter
-very heterogeneous |
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Nissl Stains
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stain rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Dendrites
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emanate from cell body, always one, sometimes more
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Dendritic Spines
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increase surface area for denrdritic contact (on dendrites)
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Amacrine Cell
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Neuron without an axon
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Axon Hillock
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•Where axon comes out of soma
•Where electrical transmission arises |
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Telodendria
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Axonal branches, at end of axon
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Golgi Type I Cell
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•Projection neuron
•Sends information some distance “away” |
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Golgi Type II Cell
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•Local circuit neuron
•Axon goes not very far away from cell body |
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Terminal Bouton
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AT end of axon
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Collateral Branches
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•Branches out of axon, connecting to nearby neuron
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En Passant (In passage)
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•Little boutons on terminal branches, near terminal bouton
•Used to release neurotransmitters post-synaptically |
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Knowing polarity of a connection
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•“Neuron A projects to Neuron B” shows that A is pre-synaptic, B is post-synpatic
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Nucleus
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collection of cell bodies in central nervous system
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Ganglia
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collection of cell bodies in Peripheral nervous system
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Cortex (corticies)
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means “bark” Stratified layers of neurons, homogeneity of cell types w/in layers
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Tract
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bundle of axons w/ common origin and common target in the central nervous system (named base on where they began, where they ended… eg, corticospinal tract)
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Nerve
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bundle of axons w/ common origin an common target in peripheral nervous system
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Glia (glial cells)
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100 billion of them!
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Functions of Myelination
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-Miniaturizing nervous system
-sultatory conduction -Speeds up electrical current conduction rate |
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Schwann Cells
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Myelinating glia in PNS
-Myelinate just one axon |
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node of ranvier
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space between myelination
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oligodendrocytes
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Myelinating glia in PNS
-Ea oligo- can myelinate many axons -Membrane on membrane |
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Obersteiner-redlich Zone
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•Place where CNS and PNS nerves must meet, change in type of glia that myelinates them
•Very difficult to get CNS nerves to re-generate, but PNS will |
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End Feet
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Ends of astrocytes:
-attach to capillaries -form glial limitans |
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Glial Limitans
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End feet of astrocytes that surround CNS, forming thin layer
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protoplasmic astrocyte
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Thicker, shorter branches than in fiber tracts, located in the gray matter
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fibrous astrocyte
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longer, thinner branches, located in white matter
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blood-brain-barrier
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made up of endothelial tissue (like two rolled-up pieces of paper)
-leaky in other parts of body -very tight in CNS |
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astrocytes
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•Take up space between neurons (affect movement of neurons)
•Important during development -Processes provide guidance for neurons -Can trigger cells to mature into stem cells (?) •Must have relatively stable concentration of potassium ions in brain -Astorcytes soak up extra potassium ions -Maybe also chlorine, sodium •Synapses surrounded by astrocytes (contain neurotransmitter, prevent it from affecting nearby neuron) •Astorcytes can assist in re-uptake of neurotransmitters from synapse (only substance is entering astorcyte, not neuron) •Have certain neurotransmitter receptors •Can trigger elcectrical, biochemical reactions like neurons •Will surround lesions (glial scar)… walling-offf dead, dying neurons in spinal cord/brain (only in CNS) -In PNS there isn’t anything that resembles astrocytes |
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Endoderm
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Lining of gut, digestive system
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Mesoderm
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dermis, bones, muscles, parts of reproductive
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Ectoderm
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gives rise to nervous system
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Neural plate
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surrounded by non-neural ectoderm, thickens, rostral end larger than caudal end
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18 days of development
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3 layers form, neural plate arises from ectoderm
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21 days of development
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edges of neural plate fold up, begin to close-up, ectoderm begins to envelop it
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neural crest cells
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give rise to peripheral nervous system
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lumen
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a space (like in the neural tube, filled with CSF)
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ependyma (ependymal lining)
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inside lining of neural tube, cells arise from here and thicken the tube in different areas
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30 Days of Development
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3 Vesicle Stage:
-Prosencephalon (forebrain) -Mesencephalon (midbrain) -Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
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Lamina Terminalis
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very rostral end of developing nerual tube
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40 Days of Development
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5 Vesicle Stage:
-Prosencephalon gives rise to: -Telencephalon -Lateral Ventricles -Diencephalon -3rd Ventricle -Mesencephalon is just there -Cerebral Aquaduct -Rhombencephalon gives rise to: -Metencephalon (pons) -Myelencephalon (medulla) -4th Ventricle -Central Canal at bottom gets obliterated during further growth |
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Cervical Flexure
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at Base of rhombencephalon
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Pontine Flexure
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Divides rhombencephalon into two parts
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Cephalic Flexure
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Between rhombencephalon and mesencephalon
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Motor Centers (descending pathways)
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In nucleus of CNS, that innervates glands or muscles in PNS
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decussation
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Crossing, related to roman numeral ten
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corticospinal tract
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•Cortico-spinal tract, begins on one side, ends on contralateral side.. point, the two tracts cross at the midline… separate spinal cord from medulla
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Pontine Tegmentum
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“floor” of midbrain, rostral from Medulla
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Pons
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relay btwn cerebral cortex and cerebellum
•Have cells that deccisate and go into cerebellum Information comes from cerebral cortex |
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medulla
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motor and sensory centers for head; ascending and descending pathways
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spinal cord
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-central canal
-motor and sensory centers for trunk; ascending (to brain) and descending (away from brain) pathways |
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myelencephalon
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-medulla
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Metencephalon
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-4th Ventricle
-Pons, Pontine Tegmentum, cerebellum |
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cerebellum
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regluates balance, muscle tone, and motor coordination
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mesencephalon
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-cerebral aqueduct
-basis pedunculi, midbrain tegmentum, inferior colliculus, superior colliculus |
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basis pedunculi
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descending fibers from cerebral cortex en route to brainstem (including pons) and spinal cord
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inferior colliculus
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relay center for auditory information
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superior colliculus
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center for visual reflexes nd visuo-motor linkage
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hypothalamus
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regulates the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
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Autonomic Nervous system
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controls smooth and cardiac muscles
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diencephalon
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-3rd Ventricle
-hypothalamus -thalamus |
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thalamus
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relay of sensory and motor information to cerebral cortex
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telencephalon
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-1st and 2nd ventricles (lateral ventricles)
-amydala -basal ganglia (striatum) -cerebral cortices |
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amygdala
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prehypothalamic sensory relay center
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basal ganglia
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regulates output of motor cortices
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cerebral cortices
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analysis of sensory information; formulation of motor output patterns; substrate for higher cognitive functions
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