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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Nucleus, Tract, Interneuron, Cortex, Gray matter, White Matter |
•Nucleus–Collectionof cell bodies •Tract–Bundleof axons traveling together •Interneuron–Inthe tract but does not affect the pathway, allows pathway to go in a milliondifferent directions •Cortex–Madeup completelyof graymatter (cell bodies) –Whitematter – myelinated axons traveling in tracts –Gray– Cell bodies |
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What makes up the Brainstem and what is its purpose? |
Midbrain Pons Medulla Purpose: Life sustaining function below the level of consciousness |
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What are the lobes of the brain and their purpose |
Frontal: Executive function/Higher order thinking Parietal - Mapping function Occipital - Vision Temporal - Memory and hearing Cerebellum - Coordinated movement // switching station |
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Post vs Pre central Gryus |
Post Central Gyrus - Sensory Cortex Pre Central Gyrus - Motor Cortex |
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How did Broadmann label the brain? |
Based on histological function/differences |
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What is the purpose of the Prefrontal cortex |
Complex cognitive behavior -Decision making, social behavior, personality Executive function -Task management, conflicting thoughts, consequences, social control Working memory -Short term memory -Object recall |
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Where are the motor areas? |
Most posterior part of the frontal area |
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What is the premotor cortex? |
Anterior to primary motor cortex Receives sensory information and is involved in planning movements Less constrained by the humunculous |
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What happens if there is an injury in the premotor cortext |
Can appear as complete paralysis since pts lack the ability to initiate movement. |
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Describe the Primary Motor Cortex |
Far back in the frontal lobe and anterior to central sulcus (Broadmann area 4) Somatotopic organization Large pyamidal cells project to contralateral motor neurons |
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Frontal eye field |
Anterior to premotor cortex Control voluntary eye movements |
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Broca's area |
Management speech production (motor) Anterior to inferior premotor cortex (next to homunculus) |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
Behind central sulcus (Broadmann area 1-3) Somatotopic Organization Awareness of sensation on Opposite side of body Spatial discrimination |
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Somatosensory association cortex
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Posterior to primary sensory cortex Integrates different sensory inputs for sensory recognition |
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Auditory areas |
Primary Auditory Cortex Superior Temporal Lobe - inside lateral sulcus |
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Auditory association area |
Pos to primary auditory cortex Evaluates sounds Wernickes area on left side |
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Gustatory cortex |
Roof of lateral sulcus |
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Vestibular cortex |
Posterior insula Deep to lateral sulcus |
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Olfactory Cortex |
Medial temporal lobe at uncus Connects to limbic system (emotion) |
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How is visual information received from the primary and association visual areas? |
Visual information is relayed from eyes through the thalamus and back to the occipital lobe Primary area: detects a flash of light in an area Association: COMPREHEND what was seen |
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Weret is the Primary Visual Cortex |
Medial surface of brain buried in calcarine sulcus Brodmanns area 17 |
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Ventral vs Dorsal Stream |
V: Tells you what and goes from visual cortex to temporal lobe D: Tells you where and goes from visual cortex to parietal lobe |
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Describe the Association area of the prefrontal cortex |
-Anterior to the motor areas -General Interpretation area -Formulates a response in the context of perception -Cognition, personality, mood |
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Describe the posterolateral cortex association area |
Interface among senses (visual, auditory, somatosensory) |
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Differentiate Commissures, Association fibers, and Projection fibers |
Commissures connect hemispheres - corpus callosum Association Fibers connect areas within one hemisphere Projection fibers - leave the cortex/brain |
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What is the Basal Forebrain Nuclei |
Cholinergic system located anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus Functions is arousal, learning, and memory Involved in Alzhemiers Dz |
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What is the Basal Ganglia |
Corpus striatum - caudate + lentiform (putamen and globus pallidus) Start, stop, regulate intensity of voluntary movements |
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Describe the Thalamus
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Egg shaped structures connect to the each other in the middle of the brain (from superolateral walls of 3rd ventricle) It is the cut off (gateway) between the brain and PNS. |
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Which nuclei in the thalamus receives the different sensory inputs? |
VPL: Sensory from hands and feet LGN: Vision MGN: Auditory |
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Describe the Hypothalamus |
Lies below the thalamus (forms inferolateral walls of 3rd ventricle More basic area of the brain; not a relay Functions on its own - does not interface with cortex |
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What does the hypothalamus control? |
ANS Emotions Body temp Sexual behavior Hunger//thirst Sleep-wake cycle Pituitary gland function Memory |
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Describe the Brainstem |
Located in posterior cranial fossa, below cortex, no conscious processing - below thalamus Made up of midbrain, pons, and medulla |
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What are the functions of the brainstem? |
Programmed, automatic behaviors Passageway between cord and ceredrum Innervation of face and head - Hearing - Speaking - Swallowing - Shrug Shoulders - Receiving sensation |
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Describe the midbrain |
Upper third of the brainstem Contains: •Superiorcolliculi •Inferiorcolliculi •CN II •CN IV •Substantianigra •Rednucleus •Cerebralpeduncles •Periaqueductalgray mater •Superiorcerebellar peduncle |
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Describe the Pons |
Middle third of the brainstem CN V - sensory inputfrom face CN VI - Eye movements CN VII - Muscels of facial expression Pontine Nuclei - Relat for corticopontine tracatss to pontocerebellar tracts --Motor input from cortex to pons tocerebellum |
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Describe the medulla oblongata |
Bottom third of the brainstem - the transition to the SC Contains •CN VIII – XII •Pyramids •Inferiorcerebellar peduncles •Olive(inferior olivarynuclei) •Vestibularnuclei •Nucleus cuneatus •Nucleus gracilis •Reticular formation –Important for sleep wake cyclesp\":0,\Ejb |
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What is the cerebellum |
Does not think - acts and reacts Coordinates movements (axial > appendicular) Mantains posture and equilibrium Processes some sensory |
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Medial vs Lateral Cerebellar lesion |
Medial: Truncal Ataxia Lateral: Dysmetrial |
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Describe the Corticalspinal Tracts |
2 neurons UMN in Motor cortex --> lower medulla --> decussation --> down SC --> anterior horn --> synapse with LMN --> Exists spinal cord Ant Tract: Primarily Axial Lat Tract: Primarily limbs |
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Describe the Conscious Relay Pathways |
Somatosensory Somatotopic Discriminative sensation Information sent to thalamus and cerebral cortex --Discriminative touch ascends ipsilaterally and crosses in the medulla (dorsal column) --Discriminative pain and temp crosses in the SC and ascends contralaterally (anterolateral |
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Describe the divergent pathways |
Somatosensory NOT somatotopic Aching pain Both conscious and unconscious Transmits to many areas of cerebrum and brainstem |
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Describe unconscious relay pathways |
Somatosensory Movement related information Transmits to the cerebellum |
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What sensory information is within the DCML? |
Perception (conscious relay) - Fine touch (stereognosis) - Vibration - Proprioception Loss will be ipsilateral below the level of the lesion |
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Describe the DCML pathway |
First neuron enters dorsal ganglia --> travels up dorsal column --> synapse with second neuron at medulla --> second synapse at thalamus (VPL) --> Primary sensory cortex -->association cortex |
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Fasciculus and Nucleus Cutaneous/gracilis |
Fasiculus Cutaneous is more lateral in the dorsal column and Nucleus is associated with the upper body ( T6 and above ) Fasiculus Gracilis is more medial in the dorsal column and Nucleus is associated with the lower body ( T7 and below ) |
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What sensory information is contained in the AL Column |
Pereception -Pain (Lateral) -Temp (Lateral) -Coarse touch (Anterior) ---pleasant touch ---skin to skin contact Loss is contralateral below the level of the lesion |
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Describe the Pathway for temp |
First Neuron synapses in dorsal horn --> second neuron crosses in SC --> rises in anterior or lateral tract to thalamus (VPL) --> ascends in lateral ST Tract --> third neuron projects to sensory cortex |
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Describe the pathway for pain (fast pain) |
First Neuron synapses in dorsal horn --> second neuron enters SC --> branches to several levels in DL tract --> terminates in lamina 1, 2, or 5 --> crosses in anterior white commisure --> ascends in lateral ST Tract to thalamus --> third neuron projects to sensory cortex |
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What is the medial pain system |
Slow pain//Divergent pathway Produces automatic movements and automatic and emotional response to noxious stimuli NOT somatotopic |
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Describe the Medial Pain system Pathway |
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Describe the unconscious relay pathways |
Unconscious adjustments to movement and posture --Transmits information from proprioceptors and information about activity in spinal interneruons to cerebellum DOES NOT REACH THALAMUS Critical for adjusting movements |
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What are the two types of unconscious relay pathways |
Internal feedback - information about movement commands --Convey descending motor information to the cerebellum before it reaches motor neurons High Fidelity (somatotopic) -Information about response to movement commands --Information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, cautaneous mechanoreceptors |
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Review Charts at the end of the lecture |
Slide 38, 40, and 42 |
