Neuroanatomy Quiz Week 10

Front 1

Principal Pain Receptors go to tissues and organs but not to what?

Back 1

the brain

Front 2

Principal Pain Receptors respond to what?

Back 2

noxious stimuli (negative stimuli)

Front 3

What is in inflammatory soup?

Back 3

prostaglandins and braykinns (some of the most potent pain producing chemicals known)

Front 4

The inflammatory soup causes an avalanche of inflammatory chemicals such as...

Back 4

histime, potassium, and ATP

Front 5

histime, potassium, and ATP activate specific receptors on

Back 5

small diameter C fibers, thus initaing pain signals

Front 6

describe superficial somatic pain

Back 6

sharp breif pain
finely myelinated A delta fibers which are very fast

Front 7

describe deep somatic pain

Back 7

burning aching pain
more diffuse than superfical somatic pain and lasts longer
ALWAYS INDICATES TISSUE DAMAGE
small unmyelinated C fiber very slowly

Front 8

transmisison of pain impulses to the CNS along the sensory neurons causes

Back 8

release of glutamate and substance P into the synaptic cleft

Front 9

glutamate

Back 9

depolarizes the postsynaptic neurons, relaying pain message to the brain

Front 10

Subtance P

Back 10

acts more diffusely as a neuromodualator to sensitize adjacent neurons

Front 11

the axons of most pain-relaying interneurons cross the cord and enter where?

Back 11

ventrolateral ascendng tracts

Front 12

describe the express pathway?

Back 12

(The Lateral SPinothalamic Tract) that ascends directly to the thalamus which relays to the cortex (this allows the sensory cortex to rapidly analyze exactly what hurts and how much)

Front 13

describe the take the local pathway?

Back 13

a set of smaller-diameter slower fibers that make abundent synapses in the brain stem, hypothalamusm and other limbic system structures before reaching the thalmus (these pathways mediate arousal and emotional reations to pain and has a longer-lasting effects on the CNS)

Front 14

emotion reactions to pain are regulated by ...

Back 14

a slower responce to pain

Front 15

massage, acuptuncure, PENS active what?

Back 15

LARGER-DIAMETER TOUCH FIBERS that interfere with pain transmission to the brain cord

Front 16

Gate Theory (1965-Melzack and Wall) has to do with what?

Back 16

the activation of Large Diameter touch fibers that interfere with pain transmission in the spinal cord

Front 17

How does the Gate Theory work?

Back 17

thresholod stimulation of the large touch fibers(as in massaging your knee) causes a burst of firing in certian DORSAL HORN CELLS, followed by a brief period of inhibited pain transmission, essentially closing the "gate" on pain

Front 18

How do the descending projections from the brain modulate pain?

Back 18

when you are in pain, the brain activates these pathways to dull our pain perception

Front 19

What does the periaqueductal gray matter contain?

Back 19

many receptors for the body's own opiates, endorphins and enkaphalins

Front 20

Together with the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal gray matter it does what?

Back 20

oversees descending pain suppressor fibers that synapse in the DORSAL HORN

Front 21

hypnosis, natural childbirth, morphine and electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter tap into what?

Back 21

natural opiate pathways

Front 22

what fibers don't release opiates?

Back 22

Descending pain suppressors

Front 23

what do descending pain suppressors release?

Back 23

either norepinephrine or serotonin onto the dorsal horn neurons, either inhibiting pain transmission directly or activating enkephalin-releasing interneurons

Front 24

Enkephalin does what?

Back 24

acts both
1-presynaptically on synaptic terminals of nocieptor fibers to decrease their release of Substance P
2-postsynaptically to inhibit action potential generation

Front 25

the ANS innervates what?

Back 25

cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

has slower conduction

Front 26

Describe the pathways of ANS

Back 26

Pathways have 2 Neurons

-Preganglionic neuron (begins in the CNS and is lightly myelinated and thin preganglionic axon

-Autonomic ganglion

-Ganglionic Neuron(thinner, unmyelinated postganglionic axon)

Front 27

what do we mean by dual innervation of the ANS?

Back 27

that SNS and ParaSNS of the ANS are always both active, usually one is only slightly active while the other is almost fully active

Front 28

where is the D division and what is it?

Back 28

parasympathetic (resting and digesting)

-digesting, defecation, diuresis

Front 29

where is the E division and what is it?

Back 29

sympathetic

-exercise, excitment, emergency, and embarrassment

Front 30

descibe the pre and post ganglions of the para and sympathetic NS.

Back 30

para has a long preganlionic and short postganglionic fibers and sympathetic has the opposite

Front 31

descibe the origins of the para and sympathetic

Back 31

para orginates from the brain and sacrum and the sympathetic emerges from the thoracolumbar spinal cord

Front 32

descibe the locations of the para and sympathetic

Back 32

para: most are located in the effector organs (where they synapse in the terminal or intramural ganglia)

symp: lie close to the spinal cord

Front 33

descibe the relation of Ach and NE with the para and sympathetic NS?

Back 33

Para: all fibers relase Ach

Sympathetic: all preganglionic released Ach and most post-ganglionic relase NE

Front 34

Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic outflow?

Back 34

3(oculomotor)=pupils dilation and lens bulging

7(facial)=nasal and lacrimal glands

9(glosspharyngeal)=parotid salivery glands

Front 35

Of the three cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic outflow, describe where the pre and postganglionic fibers are..

Back 35

only the preganglionic fibers are within the stated CN and the postganglionic fibers are within the CN V(5-trigeminal)

Front 36

CN X (Vagus)

Back 36

-accounts for about 90% of all preganglions parasympathetic fibers in the body
-innervates almost every organ of the thorax and Abd
-fibers are sent to the following nexi
-at the esophagus, fibers from each side intermingle and form the anterior and posterior vagal trucks
-they follow the esophagus into the abd cavity where they send fibers to the aortic plexus and brach off into abdominal organs

Front 37

where are the ventral rami of the parasympathetic NS?

Back 37

s2-s4 ventral rami

form the pelvic nerves which pass through the inferior pelvic plexus

Front 38

what does the parasympathetic NS affect?

Back 38

distal LI
UB
ureters
reproductive organs

Front 39

where is the sympathetic NS located?

Back 39

all cell bodies are located T1-L2(where spinal cord ends)

Front 40

what does the preganglionic neurnons in the spinal cord grey matter form?

Back 40

they form the lateral horns or visceral motor zones

Front 41

The lateral horns or visceral motor zones enters and a joins what?

Back 41

they enter the white rami communicates and then an adjoinging chain or paravertebral ganglion that forms the sympathetic trunk or chain

Front 42

Describe the sympathetic trunk.

Back 42

the sympathetic trunk extends from the neck to pelvis but all sympathetic fibers arise from the thoracic and lumber regions

Front 43

How many ganglia are in each chain of the sympathetic NS?

Back 43

23 ganglia in each chain, 3 Cervial, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral and 1 coccygeal (exit spine T1-L2 but ganglia are spread out through most of the spine)

Front 44

What are the three things that can happen to a preganglionic axon in a gnaglion?

Back 44

1-it can synapse within the ganglion to another neuron

2-it can ascend or descend to another ganglion

3-it can continue past the ganglion without synapsing (only in abd and pelvis)

Front 45

Describe the POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS of the pathways with ganglionic synapses (of Symapthetic NS)

Back 45

they enter the ventral or dorsal remus via the grey rami communicantes

-affect skin sweat glands, and blood vessels

-unmyleinated

Front 46

Describe the pathways with ganglionic synapses (of Symapthetic NS) that go to the head and thorax

Back 46

head: arise from T1-T4

thorax: arise from T1-T6 (most serve the skin)

Front 47

NAME THE PREGANGLIONIC PATHWAYS THAT DO NOT SYNAPSE IN THE CHAIN GANGLIA

Back 47

1-thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves (abd aortic plexus) they synapse with

CELIAC
SUPERIOR MESSENTERIC
INFERIOR MESENTERIC
INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC

2-abd (T5-L2)

3-Pelvis (T10-L2)

Front 48

visceral reflex

Back 48

sense chemical changes, stretch(most painful) and irritation of the viscera

ALWAYS HAS TWO NEURONS IN A VISCERAL ARCH (unlike skeletal where it has one)

Front 49

Atropine

Back 49

blocks parasympathetic effects
used for pupil dilation

Front 50

Neostigmine

Back 50

anti-cholinestrase(prevents the breakdown of Ach)
tx myasthenia gravis

Front 51

Tricylic Antidepressants

Back 51

SSRI (keeps serotinin or NE in cleft longer)

Front 52

Sympathomimetics

Back 52

OTC drugs that stimulate a-adrenergic receptors

-treats colds, allergies, coughs, and nasal congestion

Front 53

B-Adrenergic blockers

Back 53

reduce heart rate, and prevent arrthythmias