Neuroanatomy- Olfaction/limbic System

Front 1

What is the route of the olfactory system? What are the areas of primary olfactory cortex?

Back 1

axons from mitral and tufted cells in bulb travel down olfactory tract and lateral olfac stria to synapse on primary olfactory cortex without thalamic relay. The primary olfactory cortex contains the piriform cortex and cortical amygdala

Front 2

What are the different types of smell dysfunxn?

Back 2

Anosmia- loss of odor detxn, Hyposmia- decr odor detxn, Impaired odor discrimination, Parosmia- distortions of normal smells, Hyperosmia- increased sensitivity to odors, Olfactory hallucinations

Front 3

What are lesions that affect the olfactory tract or olfaction?

Back 3

Nasal/paranasal sinus dx, trauma, aging, neurodegen dx, olfactory groove meningioma,temporal lobe epilepsy, Kallman syn (anosmia due to agenesis of olfac bulbs, hypogonadism due to decr GnRH)

Front 4

What are the nuclei of the limbic system?

Back 4

basolaeral amigdala, ventral striatum (nuc accumbens, ventral pallidum, hypothalamus (mamillary bodies), thalamus (ant/dorsomedial nuclei)

Front 5

What is episodic memory? semantic memory?

Back 5

Both are declarative memory. Episodic is based on EXPERIENCE of events, Semantic is general knowledge such as where one lived, what school attended.

Front 6

What are the three clinical stages of declarative memory and what are they associated with? What areas are involved in each?

Back 6

1- Immediate working: dial telephone number 2- Recent (short-term) memory: recall info after delay of minutes or hours. Hippocampal formation consolidates immediate memorty into recent memory, thus making long-term. 3- Remote (long-term) memory

Front 7

Which memories can exist indpendently of hippocampus after being integrated by hippocampal formation?

Back 7

semantic. Episodic continually require hippocampus

Front 8

What is Nondeclarative memory?

Back 8

Unconscious working memory that allows one to learn skills or habits

Front 9

What areas of memory require hippocampus? Which areas do not?

Back 9

Require: Recent memory (sem and epi), new long term memory, Remote episodic memory. NOT required: Immediate, remote semantic, nondeclarative

Front 10

What happens when you have bilateral damage to the hippocampal formation?

Back 10

Amnestic syndrome: loss of recent memory, anterograde amnesia (no new permanent mems after event), retrograde amnesia (recent past and remote past for episodic gone)

Front 11

What is preserved in bilateral hippocampal formation damage (amnesic syn)?

Back 11

Immediate memory (conversation, reasoning, taking exams), remote semantic mem, nondeclarative mem (learn new procedures, skills), cognitive funxns

Front 12

What is Korsakoff's syndrome? When does it most often occur? What areas of brain involved?

Back 12

Cause of amnestic syndrome due to alcohol use or thiamine deficiency. Accompanied by confabulation. Hippocampus not involved. Involve: mamillary bodies, dorsomedial nuc of thalamus, anterior nuc of thalamus

Front 13

What happens if the amygdala is lesioned? What might happen in temporal lobe epilepsy?

Back 13

Amygdala lesion causes impaired recognition of facial signs of fear, decreased sympathetic response to fear. Temp lobe epilepsy can cause aura of fear

Front 14

What part of the brain stores memories of places? of faces? What kind of memory is this?

Back 14

places- parahippocamal formation on medial inf temp lobe. Faces- fusiform, or occipitotemporal lobe. This is semantic memory

Front 15

What comprises episodic memory?

Back 15

Composing several semantic memories. Basically, associating who and what with where and when

Front 16

What does working memory entail?

Back 16

reverberating circuits whose activity continues long after input ends

Front 17

What is the molecular mechanism of creating long term memories?

Back 17

Glu released from presyn terminal activates AMPAr causing depolarization. If depol large enuf, Mg moves away from NMDA receptor allowing Ca to enter. Ca causes phosphorylation of glu receptors and stimulates NOS & PLA2 creating NO and AA which go to presynaptic terminal to incr glu release

Front 18

How are declarative memories encoded to make long term memories (what is process)?

Back 18

visual features assembled to object which is stored in working memory and sent to hippocampus. Hippo reactivates areas that coded object and they are associated into multimodal memory. The memory is now long term and requires changes in gene expression and protein synthesis

Front 19

Besides losing ability to sense fear, react to fear thru ANS or stress response, what other occurance happens when the amygdala is lesioned?

Back 19

Person loses ability to have a sense of familiarity with person but can recognize face

Front 20

What is the hippocampal input?

Back 20

highly processed information from multimodal association cortex including temporal, insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate cortex

Front 21

What isthe hippocampal output?

Back 21

postcommisural fornix to the mamillary body

Front 22

Where is immediate (working) memory neurons located?

Back 22

area 46 and anterior cingulate gyrus

Front 23

What are procedural memories adn where are they located? What are it's characteristics?

Back 23

they are remote (long-term) memory involving many areas of cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Estabished by practice, not conscious, not affected by amnesia (hippo lesion), develops from birth

Front 24

Where are familiar places stored? familiar faces?

Back 24

places- parahippocampal gyrus; faces- fusiform

Front 25

What are the two types of long term memory? what part of the brain s involved in each?

Back 25

procedural- cortex/cerebellum; declarative (episodic/semantic)- hippocampus

Front 26

A lesion where causes a loss of classical conditioning?

Back 26

cerebellum