Neuroanatomy Nova Optometry Midterm

Front 1

what are glial cells?

Back 1

support and help with function in neurons

Front 2

glial cells in...
CNS
PNS

Back 2

CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

PNS: satellite cells, Schwann cells

Front 3

Nissel Bodies??

Back 3

dark clumps of RER

Front 4

types of neurons and function of each

Back 4

unipolar: general sensory
bipolar: special sensory (vision, balance, hearing, smell, etc.)
multipolar*: motor

*many processes but only one axon

Front 5

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

Back 5

endoneurium: surround individual axon
perineurium: surrounds a bundle of axons
epineurium: surrounds entire nerve

Front 6

connection of temporal lobes of hypothalamus

Back 6

Fornix

Front 7

connection of ventricle III and IV

Back 7

cerebral aquaduct

Front 8

connection of two hemispheres

Back 8

corpus callosum

Front 9

connection of two thalamus

Back 9

thalmic adhension

Front 10

where does the brachial plexus come out of...

Back 10

C5-T1

Front 11

what is present in the entire spinal cord

Back 11

substantia gelatinosa
nucleus proprius
medial motor column

Front 12

precentral gyrus
paracentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

Back 12

precentral: motor upper body

paracentral: lower body (pre, motor; post, sensory)

postcentral: sensory upper body

Front 13

epicritic body pathway

Back 13

DRG
dorsal column
n. gracilus/cuneatus
medial lemniscus
VPL of Thalamus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Front 14

protopathic body pathway

Back 14

DRG
spinothalamic tracts
VPL of Thalamus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Front 15

L2 and L3 ventral roots contain...

Back 15

lower motor neurons
preganglionic SYMPATHETIC fibers

Front 16

S2, S3, S4 ventral roots contain

Back 16

lower motor neurons
preganglionic PARASYMPATHETIC fibers

ERECTION

Front 17

all ventral roots contain...

Back 17

lower motor neurons

Front 18

fasciculus cuneate is found in...

Back 18

C1-C5
only cervical

Front 19

protopathetic pathway...what type of pathway...high or low fidelity??

Back 19

pain and temperature
low fidelity (multi synaptic)

Front 20

epicritic pathway...what type of pathway...high or low fidelity??

Back 20

discriminative (two tactile sensation)
high fidelity (few synapses)

Front 21

route of protopathic pathway

Back 21

1. DRG
2. nucleus proprius
3. central canal
4. ant. white commissure (X)
5. lateral spinothalamic tract
6. VPL nucleus of thalamus
7. cerebral cortex
8. postcentral gyrus

Front 22

route of epicritic pathway

Back 22

1. DRG
2. dorsal column: FC (T6 up)/FG (T7 down)
3. nucleus gracilus/cuneatus
4. sensory decussation (caudal medulla) (X)
5. medial lemniuscus
6. VPL nucleus of thalamus
7. cerebral cortex
8. postcentral gyrus

Front 23

what lesion on the descending corticospinal fibers of the PMS of UMN will cause an IPSOLATERAL symptom

Back 23

CAUDAL MEDULLA and DOWN
(lateral corticospinal tract)

because its crosses at the caudal medulla

Front 24

what lesion on the descending corticospinal fibers of the PMS of UMN will cause a CONTRALATERAL symptom

Back 24

ABOVE CAUDAL MEDULLA
(lateral corticospinal tract)

because its crosses at the caudal medulla

Front 25

another term for "deep tendon reflex"

Back 25

stretch reflex

Front 26

what is significant about the L2-S2

Back 26

lumbar cistern

spinal cord ends below L2

Front 27

Pyramidal UMN projection from the cortex:
85% goes to...
15% goes to....

Back 27

Lateral corticospinal tract (85%) cross at caudal medulla

Ventral corticospinal tract (15%) continues uncrossed until reaches spinal level

Front 28

when you hit your knee...rubbing at the site of injury stimulates what...

Back 28

substantia gelatinosa

Front 29

light touch sensation from the...is transmitted on...sides of the spinal cord

Back 29

1. Body
2. Both

Intermediate Pathway: Bilateral Projection

Front 30

Paralysis: UMN
Quadriplegia:
Paraplegia:
Hemiplegia:

Back 30

Quadriplegia: (4) C5-T1
Paraplegia: (2) below T1
Hemiplegia: (lateral half) above T2 on one side

Front 31

flaccid muscle paralysis
atrophy
decrease deep tendon reflex

are signs of...

Back 31

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

Front 32

Brown-Sequard Syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord)

Back 32

Lateral corticospinal tract: ips. UMN spastic paralysis

Dorsal Column: FG (entire cord), FC (above T6), ips. epicritic

Lateral spinothalamic tract: contralateral loss of protopathic.

Front 33

Horners syndrome is IPSOLATERAL or CONTRALATERAL??

Back 33

IPSOLATERAL

Front 34

syringomyelia

Back 34

fluid filled cavity in center of the spinal cord.
atrophy of anterior white commissure.
BILATERAL LOSS of Protopathic

Front 35

how to remember sensory, motor or both for cranial nerves

Back 35

some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

Front 36

which cranial nerves are parasympathetic

Back 36

Oculomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Gloossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

Front 37

Vagus and Hypoglossal comes out of...

Back 37

Middle Medulla

Front 38

Glossopharyngeal and Vestibulocchlear comes out of...

Back 38

Rostal Medulla

Front 39

Abducens and Facial comes out...

Back 39

Caudal Pons

Front 40

Trigeminal comes out of...

Back 40

Middle Pons

Front 41

Trochlear comes out of...

Back 41

inferior colliculus
caudal midbrain

Front 42

Oculomotor comes out of...

Back 42

superior colliculus
mid-midbrain

Front 43

pyramidal UMN: projection from the cortex. corticospinal synapses...

Back 43

on LMN on the spinal cord

Front 44

pyramidal UMN: projection from the cortex. corticobulbar synapses...

Back 44

on the brainstem nuclei

Front 45

Hypoglossal (...) controls...

Back 45

(motor) lower motor neurons to tongue.

Front 46

Vagus (...) controls

Back 46

motor and sensory of viscera
general sensation
taste-epiglottis

Front 47

Medial Medullary Syndrome (Alternating Hypoglossal Hemiplegia)

CNXII: Damage will yield ipsilateral or contralateral

Pyramid: Damage will yield ipsilateral or contralateral

Back 47

Damage CN XII: Ipsilateral
Damage to Pyramid: Contralateral

Front 48

Lateral Medullary Syndrome

Damage to CN X
Damage to Spinal Tract of V
Damage to Reticulospinal Tract
Damage to Spinothalamic Tract

Back 48

Damage to CN X: Ipsilateral
Damage to Spinal Tract of V: Ipsilateral (Face)
Damage to Reticulospinal Tract: Ipsilateral (Horners)
Damage to Spinothalamic Tract: Contralateral (Body)

Front 49

Carotid Sinus Reflex
Afferent:
Efferent:

Back 49

Carotid Sinus Reflex
Afferent: CN IX
Efferent: CN X

Front 50

Gag Reflex
Afferent:
Efferent:

Back 50

Gag Reflex
Afferent: CN IX
Efferent: CN X

Front 51

Function of the CN IX

Back 51

moves tongue
innervate parotid gland
taste info posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 52

Function of VIII

Back 52

sensory inner ear for balance and equilibrium and hearing

Front 53

Acoustic Neurinoma

Back 53

AT INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS!!!

CN8 Damage (balance and hearing)
CN7 Damage (lacrimal glands, muscle paralysis, loss of taste anterior 2/3 tongue)

Front 54

Bells Palsy

Back 54

AT STYLOMASTOID FOREMAN

CN7 muscle paralysis

Front 55

Damage to Base of Pons

Back 55

CN6 Damage and UMN of Pyramidal Tract:

Contralateral UMN spastic paralysis

Front 56

Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 56

Lateral ventricles
Interventricular Foramina of Monro
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueducts
4th Ventricle
Exit Magendie and Luschka
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi and granulation
dural venous sinus

Front 57

Hydrocephalus

Back 57

obstruction of flow and/or absorption of CSF

Front 58

Cerebellum is supplied blood from branches of the...

Back 58

vertebral-basilar system:

Sup. Cerebellar Artery
Ant. Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Post. Inferior Cerebeller Artery

Front 59

Corticobulbar Tract

Back 59

UMN from cortex terminate at LMN of cranial nuclei in brainstem.

Distributes BILATERALLY to all cranial nerves except LOWER FACIAL!!!