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481 Cards in this Set

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What is the Spinal Lemniscus?
Where does it terminate?
It is a continuation of the Spinothalamic tract, which could not be visualized at medullary and pontine levels.

It terminates (mainly) in the Ventral Posterolateral Thalamic Nucleus.
What portion of the Internal Capsule is indicated by the purple arrow?
The Anterior Limb
How many cell layers are in the Cerebral Neocortex?
Six:

1. Molecular,
2. External Granular,
3. External Pyramidal,
4. Internal Granular,
5. Internal Pyramidal, and
6. Multiform layers.
What sulcus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cingulate Sulcus.
What are the divisions of the Diencephalon?
1. Thalamus
2. Subthalamus,
3. Hypothalamus, and
4. Epithalamus.
What layer of the Cerebellar Cortex is indicated by the white arrow?
The Molecular Layer.
What is the source of the Internal Arcuate Fibers?
The Internal Arcuate Fibres arise from the Nuclei Cuneatus and Gracilis.
Where does the Trochlear Nucleus project to?
Motor neurons in the Trochlear Nucleus give rise to axons which arch dorsally and caudally, around the periaqueductal grey, then cross and exit caudal to the Inferior Colliculus, to go and innervate the Superior Oblique muscle of the contralateral eye.*
*Note, CN IV is the only CN which exits the Brainstem dorsally.
What portion of the Internal Capsule is indicated by the purple arrow?
The Genu.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer I, the Molecular layer.

It contains relatively few neurons (those being interneurons), mostly consists of interconnecting axons and dendrites.
What sulcus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sulcus of the Corpus Callosum (Callosal Sulcus)
What collection of internal cell fibres of the Thalamus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Internal Medullary Lamina.
What layer of the Cerebellar Cortex is indicated by the white arrow?

What type of cells are found in this layer.
The Granule Cell layer.

2 types:
1) Granule Cells, with axons going to the Molecular layer, and
2) The larger Golgi Cells, with dendrites coming from the Molecular Layer.

(There is a much smaller number of Golgi Cells)
What layer of the Cerebellar Cortex is indicated by the white arrow?
The Molecular Layer.
What types of nerve fibres come off of the Oculomotor Nucleus?
It provides Somatic motor innervation to the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

The parasympathetics derive from the Accessory Oculomotor Nucleus (of Edinger-Westphal).
What portion of the Internal Capsule is indicated by the purple arrow?
The Posterior Limb,
between the Globus Pallidus and the Thalamus.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer II, the External Granular Layer.

It contains many small neurons, with both pyramidal and granular cells.
What gyrus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cingulate Gyrus.
How many nuclear groups does the Thalamus divide into?

What are they?
Three:
1. Anterior,
2. Medial, and
3. Lateral Nuclear Groups.
What types of cells are found in the Molecular Layer?
2 types:

1) Stellate Cells: in the upper region of the layer.
2) Basket Cells: larger, and located adjacent to the Purkinje Cells.
What cerebellar feature is indicated by the white arrow?
The Vermis.
What is the role of the Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal?
It provides the autonomic innervation of CN III, providing (presynaptic) parasympathetic innervation to the muscles of pupillary constriction.*
*(The constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles.)
What portion of the Internal Capsule is indicated by the purple arrow?

What types of fibres pass through it?
The Retrolenticular Limb.

The Optic Radiations from the Lateral Geniculate Bodies pass through it on their way to the Occipital Lobe.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer III, the External Pyramidal Layer.

It consists mainly of small to medium-sized pyramidal cells.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Uncus
What is a "specific" thalamic nucleus?
It is a nucleus receiving input from defined sensory or motor pathway that projects to restricted, clearly delineated cortical regions.
What cell layer is indicated by the white (and green) arrow?
The Purkinje Cell Layer.
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Lateral Sulcus (or Sylvian Fissure)
Where does the Nucleus of the Superior Colliculus receive inputs from?
A wide variety of sources, including the retina (shown), cerebral cortex and spinal cord.
What fibres pass through the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule?
It includes:
1) Frontopontine Fibres,
2) Anterior Thalamic Radiations (Medial and anterior thalamic projections to the frontal and cingulate cortex) and,
3) Descending fibres from the Frontal Eye Fields.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer IV, the Internal Granular Layer.

It consists of a large number of Stellate ("star-shaped") neurons, also called Granule Cells.
What are the Cingulate Gyrus, the Parahippocampal Gyrus and the Uncus collectively called?
The "Limbic Lobe." (along with some associated structures)
Where are all of the Specific Thalamic Nuclei located?
They are all in the Lateral Nuclear Group.
How can you identify the Purkinje Cell Layer?
It is only one cell deep, but the cells are very large and it borders the Molecular and Granular Cell layers.
What layer of the Cerebellar Cortex is indicated by the white arrow?

What type of cells are found in this layer.
The Granule Cell layer.

2 types:
1) Granule Cells, with axons going to the Molecular layer, and
2) The larger Golgi Cells, with dendrites coming from the Molecular Layer.

(There is a much smaller number of Golgi Cells)
What projections arise in the Nucleus of the Superior Colliculus?

What role does the Superior Colliculus play?
It gives rise to the Tectobulbar and Tectospinal (shown) Tracts.

It is involved in coordinating head and eye movements.
What fibres pass through the Genu of the Internal Capsule?
Corticonuclear Fibres (projection fibres), projecting to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer V, the Internal Pyramidal Layer.

It consists of medium to large-sized Pyramidal Cells.
What does the Limbic System do?
It is involved with emotion and certain kinds of memory.
What is the name of the white matter surrounding the Thalamus?
The External Medullary Lamina.
What is the role of Purkinje Cells?
They provide the sole efferent path from the cerebellar cortex. Their axons project inhibitory signals onto the cells of the Cerebellar Nuclei.
What do the Internal Arcuate Fibers form?
They cross at the Sensory Decussation and form the contralateral ascending Medial Lemniscus.
What is the extent of the Periaqueductal Grey matter?

What is it involved in?
It extends the length of the Cerebral Aqueduct through the Mesencephalon.

It is involved in regulating pain transmission.*
*Its exact function is not completely understood.
What fibres pass through the Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule?
It contains:
1) The Superior Thalamic Radiations (VA, VL, and VP projections to motor and sensory cortices)
2) Corticospinal projections,
3) Others. (Corticotegmental [yellow box], Parietopontine, and Pallidothalamic* fibres)
*Connecting the Globus Pallidus Medius to the Thalamus.
Which Neocortex layer is indicated by the green bracket?

What cells are found there?
Layer VI, the Multiform Layer.

It contains neurons with a variety of shapes, including Fusiform and Pyramidal Cells.
What information does the Uncus receive?
It receives olfactory input
What types of fibres are found in the External Medullary Lamina?
It contains:
1. Thalamocortical, and
2. Corticothalamic Fibres.

So, fibres to and from the cortex and thalamus.
Where do the Purkinje Cells receive their input?
Their dendrites project into the Molecular Layer.
What types of cells are found in the Molecular Layer?
2 types:

1) Stellate Cells: in the upper region of the layer.
2) Basket Cells: larger, and located adjacent to the Purkinje Cells.
Where does the Red Nucleus* receive input from?
It receives input from the cerebellum (shown) and cerebral cortex.
*So-named because of its pinkish appearance in a fresh brain.
What fibres pass through the Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule?
It contains:
1) The Superior Thalamic Radiations (VA, VL, and VP projections to motor and sensory cortices)
2) Corticospinal projections,
3) Others. (Corticotegmental [yellow box], Parietopontine, and Pallidothalamic* fibres)
*Connecting the Globus Pallidus Medius to the Thalamus.
What region of the Corpus Callosum is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Genu
What system is the Anterior Nuclear Group considered a part of?
It's considered part of the Limbic System.
What cells provide inputs to Purkinje Cells?
There are four inputs, 2 inhibitory and 2 excitatory.
1) Inhibitory (blue boxes): Basket and Stellate cells from the Molecular Layer.
2) Excitatory (red boxes): Granule cells from the Granule Cell Layer, and Climbing Fibers from the Inferior Olive of the Medulla.
What cerebellar fissure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Primary Fissure
What projections come off of the Red Nucleus?
It gives rise to (upper motor) projections to the Inferior Olive and the Cervical Spinal Cord.
What fibres pass through the Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule?
It contains:
1) The Superior Thalamic Radiations (VA, VL, and VP projections to motor and sensory cortices)
2) Corticospinal projections,
3) Others. (Corticotegmental [yellow box], Parietopontine, and Pallidothalamic* fibres)
*Connecting the Globus Pallidus Medius to the Thalamus.
Is this (golgi-stained) Cortex Homotypical or Heterotypical?

If Heterotypical, is it Granular or Agranular?
It is Homotypical. You can make out the six different layers
(although I have a hard time figuring out which is which...)
What collection of fibres is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Fornix.
What group of nuclei is indicated by the red arrow?

Where does it receive afferents from? Where does it project to?
The Anterior Nuclear Group.

It receives afferents from the Mammillary Bodies. Its axons project to the Cingulate Gyrus.
Which cells provide the strongest excitatory input to the Purkinje Cells?
The Climbing Fibres from the Inferior Olive have the strongest excitatory input.
Which cranial nerves exit the Medulla Oblongata?
CN IX, X, XI, XII.
What type of nucleus is the Substantia Nigra?
What is it connected to?
It is a motor nucleus.
It is reciprocally connected to the Corpus Striatum.
What portion of the Internal Capsule is indicated by the purple arrow?

What fibres does it carry?
The Sublenticular Limb. It carries:
1) Auditory Radiations (from the MGN to the Temporal Lobe) and,
2) Temporopontine Radiations.
What is the distinguishing feature of a Heterotypical Agranular Cortex?
Agranular Cortices are typically Primary Motor Cortex. They can be distinguished by the Giant Pyramidal Cells of Betz, in Layer V, which can be up to 100 microns across, and are much bigger than all other neurons.
What portion of the Fornix is indicated by the white arrow?
The Body.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Medial Dorsal (or Dorsomedial) Nucleus.
How many Cerebellar Nuclei are there?
What are their names?
Four pairs. They are:
1) Fastigial,
2) Globose,
3) Emboliform, and
4) Dentate nuclei.
What cell layer is indicated by the white (and green) arrow?
The Purkinje Cell Layer.
What happens to the Substantia Nigra during Parkinson's (grossly)?
Neurons of the Substantia Nigra undergo degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
What types of fibres are carried by the Internal Capsule?
Projection Fibres.
(as opposed to Commissural Fibres, and Association Fibres)
How can you identify Heterotypical Granular Cortex from the Primary Visual Cortex?
The Visual Cortex is the only cortex with the Stria Gennari (shown in iron hematoxylin, which stains axons blue).

The Stria arrises from the Optic Radiations off of the Lateral Geniculate Body of the Thalamus.
The Stria is named for Francesco Gennari, an Italian medical student and keener.
What portion of the Fornix is indicated by the white arrow?
One of the Columns.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Fastigial Nucleus.
What pathway is the Medial Lemniscus a part of?
It is part of the somatosensory pathway, which carries proprioceptive, fine touch and vibration sensation up the Dorsal Column (DC).
The DC consists of either the Fasciculus Cuneatus or Gracilis, depending on whether the upper or lower limbs are the source.
What type of fibres pass through the middle region of the Basis Pedunculi (Crus Cerebri)*?

What fibres pass through the medial and lateral regions?
Corticospinal fibres pass through the middle region.
Corticopontine fibres pass through the outer two regions.
*Don't call it the Cerebral Peduncle. Dr. Rutherford says the Cerebral Peduncle includes the Substantia Nigra and a couple other things, but Crus Cerebri is okay.
How can you distinguish the External and Extreme Capsules?

What fibres do they carry?
The External Capsule is located between the Putamen and the Claustrum, and the Extreme Capsule is between the Claustrum and the Insular Cortex.

Not sure:
Some sources describe both as having Association Fibres (between two areas of the cortex), and others suggesting that the External Capsule includes Projection Fibres to the Putamen.
Is this Cortex Homotypical or Heterotypical?

If Heterotypical, is it Granular or Agranular?
This is an Agranular Heterotypical Cortex. You can tell it's a primary motor cortex by the presence of Giant Pyramidal Cells of Betz, indicated.
What septum is indicated by the white arrow?
The Septum Pellucidum.
What is the largest nucleus in the Medial Cell Mass of the Thalamus?
The Medial Dorsal (or Dorsomedial) Nucleus
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Globose Nuclei

(Globose means, "Ball-shaped")
How can you identify the Purkinje Cell Layer?
It is only one cell deep, but the cells are very large and it borders the Molecular and Granular Cell layers.
Where does the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle undergo its decussation?
At the level of the caudal midbrain.
Anatomically, what's the difference between Ganglia, Nuclei, and Cortex?
Ganglia: Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (grey matter) in the PNS.
Nuclei: Grey matter in the CNS that is surrounded by white matter. (blue arrows)
Cortex: Grey matter in the outer layer of the CNS. (red arrow)
Is this Cortex Homotypical or Heterotypical?

If Heterotypical, is it Granular or Agranular?
It is Homotypical, i.e. all 6 layers are ("more or less") readily distinguishable.

Starting with the Molecular Layer most superficially, try to count all six layers by changes in the density of the cell bodies.
Layers 2 and 4, the Granular layers, have more densely packed cell bodies. Go back to the question slide and examine the layers within the red bracket until you're comfortable identifying all six layers.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Parahippocampal Gyrus.
Where does the Dorsomedial (or Medial Dorsal) Thalamic Nucleus receive its afferents from?
The Amygdala and the Corpus Striatum (among others).
(Amygdala efferent pathways shown)
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Emboliform Nucleus.
What cerebellar fissure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Horizontal Fissure.
What structure is indicated by the purple arrow?

What is its overall shape?
The Head and Tail of the Caudate Nucleus.

It is a C-shaped structure that wraps around the Lentiform Nucleus and tapers to its tail towards the Amygdala.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Uncus
(a prominent bump on the Parahyppocampal Gyrus)
Where does the Dorsomedial Nucleus project its axons too?

What is it thought to be involved with?
It is connected (reciprocally) to the Prefrontal Cortex.

It is thought to be involved in affective states, judgement, and some aspects of memory.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Dentate Nucleus
What are the superior and inferior extents of the spinal cord?
Superior: the Foramen Magnum.
Inferior: Interspace between L-1 and L-2 vertebrae.
What do the Caudate and the Putamen form together?
The "Neostriatum," (Striatum)
as opposed to the "Paleostriatum" (Pallidum), which refers to the Globus Pallidus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
A Mamillary Body
What are the two tiers of the Thalamic Lateral Nuclear Group?

Which tier contains Specific Nuclei?
The two tiers are the:
1) Dorsal (LD, LP, and Pulvinar), and
2) Ventral (VA, VL, VI, VL, VPM, VPL, MGB, LGB) tiers.

The Ventral Tier consists of specific nuclei.
What is the role of the cerebellar nuclei?
Almost all of the output from the cerebellum originates from cells in these nuclei.
What is the role of Purkinje Cells?
They provide the sole efferent path from the cerebellar cortex. Their axons project inhibitory signals onto the cells of the Cerebellar Nuclei.
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

What does it form with the Globus Pallidus? With the Claustrum? With the Caudate Nucleus?
The Putamen.

With the Globus, it forms the Lentiform Nucleus.
With the Caudate, it forms the Neostriatum.
All three form the Corpus Striatum.

The Claustrum is on its own. It has no special friends.
What are the Mamillary Bodies?
Two hypothalamic nuclei that receive input from the limbic lobe via the fornix.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral Dorsal Nucleus
What are the inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex?
Only 2 kinds of fibres:
1) Climbing Fibres: from the Inferior Olive.
2) Mossy Fibres: from many places
(cerebral cortex, vestibular nerve & nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, and cerebellar nuclei)
What is the function of the Lateral (Accessory) Cuneate Nucleus?
It is the source of the Cuneo-Cerebellar Fibers, which convey proprioceptive information to the Cerebellum from the arm.

It is analogous to the Nucleus Dorsalis (of the spinal cord) for the legs.
What grey matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What is it bordered by?
The Claustrum.

Bordered medially by the External Capsule, and laterally by the Extreme Capsule.

We don't know its function, but it is extensively connected to the cerebral cortex.
What is the region of cortex immediately in front of and below the Rostrum of the Corpus Callosum?
The Septal Area, including the "Parolfactory Gyrus" and the Septal Nuclei.
The Septal Area projects to the Hypothalamus and Brainstem.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral Posterior Nucleus
What cells do the Mossy Fibres synapse with?
The Granule Cells.

They form complex arrangements called "Rosettes."
Where do the Purkinje Cells receive their input?
Their dendrites project into the Molecular Layer.
What are the components of the (modern) Basal Ganglia?
They've all got bits showing in this image.
1. The Caudate Nucleus,
2. Putamen,
3. Globus Pallidus,
4. Subthalamic Nucleus, and
5. Substantia Nigra.

Note: does not include the Claustrum. It has no friends.
What two sulci bound the Cingulate Gyrus?
The Cingulate Sulcus, and
The Callosal Sulcus.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Pulvinar

(from latin for "cushion")
What cells do the Granule Cell axons synapse with?
The Granule Cells form excitatory synapses with 3 cell types:
1) Purkinje Cells,
2) Stellate Cells, and
3) Basket Cells.
What are the convolutions on the exterior surface of the cerebellum called?
Folia, (Folium, singular)
Which portion of the Lateral Ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Anterior Horn,
which extends into the Frontal Lobe.
What input does the cortex of the Cingulate Gyrus receive?
It receives input fro the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Ventral Anterior Nucleus.
What is the source of the Parallel Fibres of the Molecular Layer?
They are formed by divisions of the axons of the Granule Cells.
What feature is indicated by the white arrow?
The Longitudinal Fissure.
Which portion of the Lateral Ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Body.
What is the anterior portion of the Parahippocampal Gyrus called?
It is the Entorhinal Area.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral subdivision of the Ventral Posterior Nucleus
(or Ventroposterolateral nucleus)
What is the role of the Golgi Cells in the Granule Cell Layer?
They act as inhibitory interneurons with the Granule Cells.
What cells provide inputs to Purkinje Cells?
There are four inputs, 2 inhibitory and 2 excitatory.
1) Inhibitory (blue boxes): Basket and Stellate cells from the Molecular Layer.
2) Excitatory (red boxes): Granule cells from the Granule Cell Layer, and Climbing Fibers from the Inferior Olive of the Medulla.
Which portion of the Lateral Ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Inferior Horn,
which extends into the Temporal Lobe.
What is located immediately beneath the Uncus?
The Amygdaloid Body, or simply the Amygdala.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Medial subdivision of the Ventral Posterior Nucleus.
(or, the Ventral Posteromedial)
Where do the Corticospinal Tracts arise?
They originate from the Frontal and Parietal lobes.
Which portion of the Lateral Ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Posterior Horn,
which extends into the Occipital Lobe.
What are the Entorhinal Area, the Uncus, and the Amygdala involved in?
Both olfactory and limbic functions. (Olfactory shown)
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Ventral Lateral Nucleus.
(The Ventral Intermedial is not distinguished in the lab manual)
Which cells provide the strongest excitatory input to the Purkinje Cells?
The Climbing Fibres from the Inferior Olive have the strongest excitatory input.
Which portion of the Lateral Ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Trigone, where the Body, Inferior Horn, and Posterior Horn meet, and there's a little triangle.
Where do the Mammillary Nuclei receive inputs from?

Where do they project to?
They receive inputs from the Hippocampal Formation through the Fornix.

They project to the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus (along the Mammillothalamic Tract)

(They also project to the Brainstem along the Mammillotegmental Tract)
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Reticular Nucleus,
located between the external medullary lamina and the Internal Capsule.
What is the relationship between the Horizontal Fissure and the Posterolateral Fissure?
They are continuous with each other.
The Horizontal Fissure is on the superior surface, and becomes the Posterolateral Fissure on the inferior surface.
What ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Third Ventricle.
What is the pathway connecting the Mammillary Bodies and the Anterior Thalamic Nuclei?
The Mammillothalamic Tract.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
Medial Geniculate Body

(From latin: "genu" knee)
What cranial nerve is indicated by the orange arrow?
CN IX, the Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
What space is indicated by the white arrow?

What ventricles does it connect?
The Interventricular Foramen (of Munro).

It connects a Lateral Ventricle to the Third Ventricle, and there's one on each side.
What is the source of fibres for the Fornix?
It consists of fibres arising from the Hippocampal Formation.
What input does the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus receive?
It receives somatosensory pathways from the Medial Lemniscal and Spinothalamic pathways.
How many Cerebellar Nuclei are there?
What are their names?
Four pairs. They are:
1) Fastigial,
2) Globose,
3) Emboliform, and
4) Dentate nuclei.
What space is indicated by the white arrow?

What ventricles does it connect?
The Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

It connects the Third and Fourth Ventricles.
Does the Septum Pellucidum contain any neurons?
Yes, it contains both grey and white matter, including some neurons of the septal nuclei.
What input does the Medial division of the Ventral Posterior Thalamic Nucleus receive?
(The Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus)

Where does it project to?
Trigeminothalamic Pathways.
It projects to the Postcentral Gyrus.
It also receives the taste pathways from the Rostral Nucleus Solitarus, and projects to the Sensory Cortex. (14.11, Netter Neuroanatomy)
What do the Corticospinal Tracts form in the Medulla?
The Pyramids.
Which ventricle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Fourth Ventricle.
What is the name of the thin membrane stretching between the Fornix and the Corpus Callosum?
The Septum Pellucidum.
Where does the Ventral Anterior Nucleus receive input from?

What region of the Neocortex is it connected to?
The Globus Pallidus and the Substantia Nigra.

It is (reciprocally) connected to the Frontal Lobe, particularly the Motor Cortex.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Fastigial Nucleus.
How is the Fourth Ventricle continuous with the Subarachnoid Space?
Through the two lateral Foramina of Luschka, and the medial Foramen of Magendi.
What is the posterior portion of the Fornix called?
The Crura (legs).
(s. Crus)
Where does the Ventral Lateral Thalamic Nucleus receive its inputs from?

What regions of the Neocortex is it connected to?
It receives input from the Globus Pallidus and the Cerebellum (Dentate Nucleus, not shown).

It is connected to motor and pre-motor regions of the Frontal Lobe.
It also receives input from the Substantia Nigra.
What does the outer surface of the Cerebellum consist of?
The Cortex.
It is grey matter consisting of three cell layers.
What fills the Ventricles of the Brain? Where is it produced?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
It's produced in the Choroid Plexus, which can be found in each ventricle.
What is the middle section of the Fornix called?
The Body
Where does the Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB) receive input from?

What part of the Neocortex is it connected to?
It receives visual input via the Optic Tract.

It projects to the Visual Cortex in the ipsilateral Occipital Lobe.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Anterior Spinal Artery.
What is the divergent anterior portion of the Fornix?
The Columns.
Where does the Medial Geniculate Body receive input from?

What area of the Neocortex does it connect with?
It receives auditory input via the Inferior Colliculus.

It's connected to the Auditory Cortex in the Temporal Lobe.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Globose Nuclei

(Globose means, "Ball-shaped")
What bundle of axons is indicated by the white arrow?

What does it connect?
The Medial Forebrain Bundle.

It connects the Septal Area to the Hypothalamus and the Brainstem.
What inputs does the Reticular Nucleus receive?
Where does it project to?
It receives collateral fibres of Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic fibres.

It only projects to other Thalamic Nuclei, regulating their functions. (it is the only thalamic nucleus to not project to the Cortex)
How many of the axons of the Corticospinal Tracts cross at the Decussation of the Pyramids?
Approximately 85% of the axons cross at the Decussation and descend the spinal cord through the Lateral Corticospinal Tracts.
The remainder descend ipsilaterally through the Anterior Corticospinal Tracts.
What Thalamic Nuclei are indicated by the white arrows?

Where do they receive inputs from? What cortices do they connect to?
The Intralaminar Nuclei.

They receive input from a variety of sources, including the brainstem Reticular Formation, and are connected to the Frontal and Parietal Cortices.
They are thought to influence alertness and levels of consciousness.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Emboliform Nucleus.
What structure is indicated by the green arrow?
What part of the Diencephalon is it a part of?
The Pineal Body.
It's part of the Epithalamus.
How many lobes are in the cerebellum?
What are they called?
Three lobes:
1) Anterior Lobe
2) Posterior Lobe (or Middle Lobe)
3) Flocculo-Nodular Lobe.
What bundle of axons is indicated by the white arrow?

What do they connect?
The Mammillothalamic Tract.

It connects the Mammillary bodies and the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus.
What is the Pineal Body involved in?
It secretes melatonin, involved in regulating sleep-wakefulness cycles, as well as gonadal maturation.
What lobe is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Frontal Lobe
What (purple) structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hippocampus (Hippocampal Gyrus).
Where do the Habenular Nuclei receive input from?
They receive input from the Septal Nuclei via the Stria Medullaris Thalami.
Which cerebellar nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Dentate Nucleus
What (blue) structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Dentate Gyrus.
What nucleus is indicated by the white arrow? What section of the Diencephalon is it a part of?

What activity is it involved with?
The Subthalamic Nucleus, of the Subthalamus.

It is involved in motor control.
Lesions in the Subthalamic Nucleus can produce Hemiballismus.
What is the extent of the Hypoglossal Nerve Nucleus?
It extends the length of the Medulla.
What region is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hippocampus (Hippocampal Gyrus)
What section of the Diencephalon is indicated by the white arrow?
(all the coloured bits)
Broadly, what is it involved in?
The Hypothalamus.

It is involved with the control of visceral function and the maintenance of homeostasis, while being intimately associated with the Limbic System.
What is the role of the cerebellar nuclei?
Almost all of the output from the cerebellum originates from cells in these nuclei.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Dentate Gyrus
What lobe of the cerebellum is indicated by the orange arrows?

What are its boundaries?
The Anterior Lobe.

It lies between the Primary Fissure and the Cerebellar Peduncles.
What is the most anterior portion of the Hippocampus called?
The Pes Hippocampi, because it looks slightly like a cat's paw.
What cranial nerve is indicated by the orange arrow?
CN X, the Vagus Nerve.
How is the cortex of the Hippocampus and the Dentate Gyrus different from the Neocortex?
They consist of only 3 cell layers, instead of the Neocortex's six.
What are the inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex?
Only 2 kinds of fibres:
1) Climbing Fibres: from the Inferior Olive.
2) Mossy Fibres: from many places
(cerebral cortex, vestibular nerve & nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, and cerebellar nuclei)
What collection of fibres is indicated by the white arrow?
The Fimbria of the Fornix (also of the Hippocampus).
Where does the Hypoglossal Nucleus appear in cross section?
It appears close to the midline, as is common for motor nuclei.
What cells do the Mossy Fibres synapse with?
The Granule Cells.

They form complex arrangements called "Rosettes."
What lobe of the cerebellum is indicated by the orange arrows?

What are its boundaries?
The Posterior (or Middle) Lobe.

It extends from the Primary Fissure posteriorly until the Posterolateral Fissure.
What are the two locations of the spinal cord where the diameter of the cord is increased?
The Cervical Enlargement, between C4 and T1, and
The Lumbo-Sacral Enlargement between the L3 and S3.
What cells do the Granule Cell axons synapse with?
The Granule Cells form excitatory synapses with 3 cell types:
1) Purkinje Cells,
2) Stellate Cells, and
3) Basket Cells.
How many Vestibular Nuclei are there?

What part of the brainstem are they in?
Four: 1. Superior, 2. Inferior, 3. Lateral, and 4. Medial.

The Medial and Inferior nuclei are in the Rostral Medulla, and the Superior and Lateral nuclei are in the Caudal Pons.
What is the source of the Parallel Fibres of the Molecular Layer?
They are formed by divisions of the axons of the Granule Cells.
What lobe of the cerebellum is indicated by the orange arrow?

What are its boundaries?
The Flocculo-Nodular Lobe

It is bordered posteriorly by the Posterolateral Fissure, and anteriorly by the Cerebellar Peduncles.
Which lobe is indicated by the red arrow?
The Parietal Lobe
What is the role of the Golgi Cells in the Granule Cell Layer?
They act as inhibitory interneurons with the Granule Cells.
What is the posterior surface feature marking the location of the Hypoglossal Nucleus?
In the Open Medulla, the Hypoglossal Trigone visibly shows the position.

In the Closed Medulla, the Gracile and Cuneate Nuclei obscure the position of the Hypoglossal Nucleus
Which lobe of the Cerebellum is phylogenetically the oldest?
The Flocculo-Nodular Lobe.
What cranial nerve is indicated by the orange arrow?
CN XI, the Spinal Accessory Nerve.
What two nuclei sit on either side to the Dorsal Vagal Nucleus?
Medially the Hypoglossal Nucleus.
Laterally the Solitary Nucleus (and tract).
What structures are indicated by the orange arrows?
They are the Flocculi (s. Flocculus) of the Flocculo-Nodular Lobe.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Left Posterior Spinal Artery.
There are 2 posterior spinal arteries, but only one anterior.
What does the Dorsal Vagal Nucleus innervate?
It provides parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that innervate the viscera of the thorax and the abdomen.

(and apparently receives visceral afferents, but we don't go into that)
What is the vernal portion of the Flocculo-Nodular Lobe called?
It is the Nodule.
Which lobe is indicated by the red arrow?
The Occipital Lobe
What is the vertical extent of the Vagal Dorsal Motor Nucleus?
The extent of the Medulla, similar to the Hypoglossal Nucleus.
How many regions does the Vermis divide into?
There are nine:
1) Lingula, 2) Centralis, 3) Culmen, 4) Declive, 5) Folium, 6) Tuber, 7) Pyramis, 8) Uvula, 9) Nodulus.
(do not memorize)
What cranial nerve is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Trigeminal Nerve, CN V
How can you locate the Nucleus Ambiguus in cross section?
It's difficult to visualize, but two landmarks are that it's medial to the Spinal Tract of CN V, and dorsal to the Dorsal Accessory Olivary Nucleus, in the middle of the Medulla.
What fissure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Primary Fissure.
(Between the Culmen and the Declive)
What is the reason for the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements?
The areas of enlargement correspond to the origins of the spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs, respectively.
What sort of neurons are found in the Nucleus Ambiguus?
It is the source for lower motor neurons of CN IX, X, and XI.

It provides:
CN IX: Somatic efferent to Stylopharyngeus muscle.
CN X: Somatic efferent innervation to the muscles of the soft palate, the pharynx, the larynx and the upper third of the esophagus. It controls speaking and swallowing.
CN XI: Fibers of CN XI from the Nucleus Ambiguus join X to innervate the larynx (often actually just considered part of X)
It also provides parasympathetic preganglionic innervation to the heart.
Which lobe is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Anterior Lobe, distinguished by its location anterior to the Primary Fissure.
Which lobe is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Temporal Lobe
What is the vertical extent of the Nucleus Ambiguus?
It extends rostrally to just below the Pontomedullary Junction, and caudally to the level of the Foramen Magnum.
Which lobe is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Posterior (or Middle) Lobe, distinguished by its location dorsal to the Primary Fissure.
What cranial nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
CN VI, the Abducent Nerve
What does the Solitary Nucleus and Tract contain?
Sensory fibers derived from
CNs VII, IX, and X.

Taste fibers synapse on the rostral portion of the solitary nucleus. General Visceral Afferent input terminate on the Caudal portion of the nucleus.
What is the white matter seen on the medial surface of a hemisection called?
The Arbor Vitae (tree of life)
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Right Posterior Spinal Artery.
What is the vertical extent of the Solitary Tract and Nucleus?
It extends rostrally to just above the level of CN X, and caudally to around the level of the Decussation of the Pyramids
What is found at the terminal ends of the Arbor Vitae?
The Folia, which are covered in the gray matter of the cerebellar cortex.
Which lobe is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Insula
What type of input does the Spinal Trigeminal Tract (and Nucleus) receive?
It receives General Afferent fibers from, primarily, CN V, as well as CN IX and X.
What structure is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Middle Cerebellar Peduncle.
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)?
CN IX conveys general and taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and innervates the pharyngeal muscles and the parotid gland.
What is the vertical extent of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus and Tract?
It extends rostrally to the mid-pons, and caudally down into the cervical spine.
What structure is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle.
What is the point of the spinal cord indicated by the red arrow?
The Conus Medullaris, the point to which the spinal cord tapers.
What is the role of the Vestibular Nuclei?
They mediate information about balance and equilibrium, and coordinates head and eye movement in part by projecting axons via the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF).
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
The Dentate Nucleus
What is the functional role of the Frontal Lobe?
The cortex found in this region is associated with motor control, and, in the pre-frontal area, with judgment, the ability to formulate a plan of action in response to circumstances.
(Side 3)
Also some aspects of memory and smaller functions.
What is the source of axons for the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculous?
The Vestibular Nuclei.
Where do the axons of the Dentate Nucleus go?
They exit the cerebellum through the Superior Peduncle.

From there they project to the thalamus.
Where does CN IX exit the brainstem?
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve exits the Medulla Oblongata just caudal to its junction with the Pons and dorsal to the Inferior Olive.
What type of signal is carried by the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus?
It carries mainly vestibular information that coordinates activities like the vestibulo-ocular reflex and gaze-holding.
What spinal tracts enter the cerebellum through the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle?
The Ventral Spinocerebellar Tracts.

(It also receives afferents from the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V, and the locus ceruleus)
Where is the arterial blood flow from the Spinal Arteries derived from?
Most of the arterial blood flowing through the anterior and posterior apinal arteries is derived from the anterior and posterior Radicular Arteries.
What is the function of the Tectospinal Tract?
It is involved in coordinating head and eye movements, similar to the MLF.
What are the two components of the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle?
The medial portion is the Justarestiform Body, and the Restiform Body forms the lateral portion. They cannot be distinguished grossly.
What is the functional role of the Parietal Lobe?
The cortex in this region is associated with somatosensation, and with the integration of sensory information.
What is the source of axons for the Tectospinal Tract?
It arrises from the contralateral Superior Colliculus.
How do vestibulo-cerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum?
Through the Justarestiform Body of the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle.
They project from the Vestibular Ganglia directly to the cerebellum as well as from the Vestibular Nuclei. As well, the Justarestiform Body carries efferent fibers from the cerebellum to the vestibular nuclei.
Which cranial nerves exit the Pons?
CNs V, VI, VII, VIII.
What is the extent of the Tectospinal Tract?
It descends from the contralateral Superior Colliculus all the way through the brainstem and to the cervical spinal cord.
What is carried by the Restiform Body of the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle?
Fibers afferent to the cerebellum from (and through) the medulla oblongata (not including vestibular input).
What is the structure indicated by the red arrows?
The Filum Terminale
What signals do the Vestibular Nuclei receive?
They receive input from the vestibular apparatus
(the semicircular canals and ampulllae, and the saccule and utricle).
What is the source of fibers in the Middle Cerebral Peduncle?
It is exclusively axons derived from the Pontine Nuclei (afferent to the cerebellum), and a continuation of the Transverse Pontine fibers.
This pontocerebellar pathway is a continuation of the corticopontine fibres which carried information from the Primary Motor Cortex.
What is the functional role of the Occipital Lobe?
The cortex in this region is involved with vision and the processing of visual information.
How many nuclei are included in each Inferior Olive?
Three:
1. Principal,
2. Dorsal Accessory, and
3. Medial Accessory Olivary Nuclei.
Which cranial nerves exit the Mesencephalon?
CNs III, IV
What sources give input to the Inferior Olives?
They receive inputs from:
1. Spinal,
2. Brainstem,
3. Cerebellar, and
4. Cerebral cortical sources.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?

What vertebral areas does it supply?
Right Vertebral Artery.

The vertebral arteries only supplies the upper cervical cord.
What fibres do the Olivary Nuclei give off? Where do they go?
They give rise to Olivocerebellar Fibres, which cross the midline and enter the Cerebellum via the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle.
What is the functional role of the Temporal Lobe?
The cortex in this region is involved with receiving and processing auditory information, speech and olfaction. Also some involvement with the limbic system.
What is the Reticular Formation?
An area of intermingled grey and white matter occupying the central region of the brainstem throughout its extent.

It is actually groups of nuclei and their afferent and efferent connections.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Basilar Pons (or just pons)
What does the Reticular Formation do?
It influences many things:
1) Level of consciousness (shown),
2) Coordination of somatic motor activity,
3) Control of respiration,
4) Modulation of pain transmission,
and other functions.
What is the Filum Terminale?
It is a connective tissue filament that extends from the tip of the Conus Medullaris to insert on the posterior surface of the coccyx.
Where does the Lateral Lemniscus derive its fibres?
A variety of sources:
1) Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei,
2) Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body, and
3) the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
What is the functional role of the Insula?
Possibly nociception and visceral function, but not certain.
What is the Lateral Lemniscus a portion of?
What information does it carry?
It is a portion of the auditory pathway.
It conveys information related to hearing.
What does the anterior surface of the Pons consist of?
Transversely arranged fibers which arise as axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei.
Where do the ascending fibres of the Lateral Lemniscus terminate?
They terminate in the Inferior Colliculus.
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
Posterior Spinal Vein.
What nucleus is indicated by the red arrow?
What occurs at the blue arrow?
The Facial Motor Nucleus.
The Genu of the Facial Nerve, where the fibres of the Facial Nerve course around the Abducens Nucleus.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Precentral Gyrus.
What does the Facial Nucleus innervate?
It provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Vagal Trigone
What surface feature do the does the Genu of the Facial Nerve form?
It forms the Facial Colliculus seen in the floor of the Fourth Ventricle.
What is the collection of nerve fibres indicated by the orange arrows?
The Cauda Equina.
Where does the Facial Nerve exit the Brainstem?
After encircling the Abducens Nucleus, they continue ventro-laterally toward their exit at the lateral margin of the ponto-medullary junction.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Superior Frontal Gyrus
What nucleus is indicated by the red arrow?
The Abducens Nucleus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Hypoglossal Trigone
What does the Abducens Nucleus innervate?
It provides motor innervation to the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye.
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
Anterior Spinal Vein
Where do the fibres of CN VI exit the Brainstem?
They exit medially on the ponto-medullary junction.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Middle Frontal Gyrus
What nucleus is indicated by the green arrow?
The Locus Ceruleus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Decussation of the Pyramids
What system is the Locus Ceruleus a part of?

Where do its axons project?
It's a component of the Reticular Formation.

It's neurons project to all levels of the nervous system with highly branched axons.
What is contained in the Cauda Equina?
The lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves that continue down the vertebral canal, inferior to the Conus Medullaris.
How many nuclear groups are associated with the Trigeminal Nerve?
Four (3 sensory; 1 motor):
1) The Spinal Tract and Nucleus,
2) Principal Sensory Nucleus,
3) Mesencephalic Tract and Nucleus, and
4) the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Inferior Frontal Gyrus
What does the Motor Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve innervate?
It provides innervation to the muscles of mastication, through the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Olive
What is the role of the Principal Sensory Trigeminal Nucleus?

Where is it located?
It mediates sensations of touch and pressure from various regions of the head.

It's located laterally at the mid-pontine level.
Where do the anterior and posterior Spinal Veins drain?
They drain into the anterior and posterior Radicular Veins at each spinal level.
What does the Mesencephalic Tract of CN V contain?
It consists of of axons of the pseudounipolar neurons which make up the Mesencephalic Nucleus.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Postcentral Gyrus
What type of sensation does the Mesencephalic Nucleus of CN V mediate?
It mediates Proprioceptive information, particularly from the Temporomandibular Joint and the teeth.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
An Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle.

It's located adjacent to the fourth ventricle and projects into the cerebellum.
Where do the Corticopontine Fibres originate?
They originate from Frontal, Parietal, and to some extent Occipital regions of the Cerebral Cortex.
How many Spinal Nerves are there?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
C1-C8; T1-T12; L1-L5; S1-S5; Co
Where do the Corticopontine terminate?
Where does the pathway continue after that?
They terminate by synapsing on the Pontine Nuclei.
The Pontine Nuclei project axons that cross the Pons as Transverse Fibres and enter the Cerebellum through the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Supramarginal Gyrus
Which of the Cerebellar Peduncles carries mostly efferent fibres from the Cerebellum?
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (it has very few afferent).

The Inferior also has some too, but not as much.
What are the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles composed of?
They consist chiefly, but not exclusively, of pathways afferent to the cerebellum.
What happens to the fibres of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle at the level of the rostral Pons and the caudal Mesencephalon?
They undergo a decussation.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Internal Carotid.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Angular Gyrus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Nucleus Gracilis (Gracile Tubercle)
What, generally, wraps around the spinal cord?
The three meningeal layers:

Pia Mater
Arachnoid
Outer Dura Mater
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Superior Temporal Gyrus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Fasciculus Gracilis
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
A Vertebral Artery.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Middle Temporal Gyrus
What information is carried by the fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus?
They transfer information concerning proprioception, fine touch and vibration sense.
Which meningeal layer is indicated by the red arrow?
The inner Pia Mater, which closely invests the surface of the cord.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Inferior Temporal Gyrus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Fasciculus Cuneatus
Where do the Vertebral Arteries enter the cranium?
Through the Foramen Magnum.
What gyri are indicated by the blue arrow?
The Short Gyri of the Insula.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Nucleus Cuneatus (Cuneate Tubercle)
Which meningeal layer is indicated by the red arrow?

Where does it get its name?
The Arachnoid Mater.

It is so named because of its delicate fibres that look like spider silk.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Long Gyrus of the Insula
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Where do the Internal Carotid Arteries enter the cranium?
Through the Carotid Canal
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Precentral Sulcus.
Where does CN V arise?
From the region where the fibers of the Basilar Pons become continuous with the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle.
Which meningeal layer is indicated by the red arrow?
The Dura Mater
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Postcentral Sulcus
What does CN V supply?
It supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication and sensory innervation to the structures of the face and mouth.
What is the structure represented by the dashed line called?
The Circle of Willis.
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Superior Temporal Sulcus
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
What is found in the space between the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater.
That space, called the Subarachnoid Space, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Inferior Temporal Sulcus
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Facial Nerve (CN VII)
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Anterior Cerebral Artery.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Medulla Oblongata
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Vestibulo-cochlear Nerve (CN VIII) (also called the Auditory Nerve)
What structure is indicated by the red arrow (the darker blue bit)?
A Denticulate Ligament.

21 pairs of these ligaments provide attachment between the inner cord and the outer Dura Mater.
They form roughly triangular projections of pia mater, with the base on the medial side, and the apex on the lateral side.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Pons
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The (right) Middle Cerebral Artery.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Cerebellum
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
What is contained in the "grey matter" of the spinal cord?
It contains collections of neurons and the synapses formed on them.
What sulcus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cingulate Sulcus.
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Where does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply?
It supplies the lateral surfaces of the frontal, parietal and upper portions of the temporal lobes, and the anterior region of the lateral surface of the occipital lobe.
What sulcus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sulcus of the Corpus Callosum (Callosal Sulcus)
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

What is it involved with?
One of the Superior Colliculi of the Corpora Quadrigemina.

It's involved with mediating visual reflexes.
What is the "white matter" of the spinal cord consist of?

How does it appear on slides?
It consists of myelinated axons which ascend and descend the cord.
Because the myelin soaks up the stain, the white matter stains purple.
What sulcus is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Parieto-occipital Sulcus
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

What is it involved in?
One of the Inferior Colliculi.

It is involved with the auditory pathway.
Where does the the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?
It supplies the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes.
What sulcus is indicated by the white arrow(s)?
The Calcarine Sulcus.
What is the function of the Abducens Nerve?
It provides motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
Which spinal levels have more white matter, the sacral or the thoracic?
Thoracic

White matter increases the more caudal on the spinal cord.
What is the importance of the Calcarine Sulcus as a landmark?
The primary visual cortex is located on either side of this sulcus.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Facial Colliculus.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Posterior Cerebral Artery.
What gyrus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cingulate Gyrus.
What does the Facial Nerve innervate?
It provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression (among other things).
What funiculus are the tracts indicated by the red arrows part of?
They're part of the Anterior Funiculus.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Corpus Callosum
What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve?
The Vestibular Root conveys information of balance and the position of the head.
The Cochlear Root mediates hearing.
What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply?
It supplies the medial, posterior, and portions of the lateral surfaces of the Occipital Lobe, and the inferior surfaces of the Temporal Love.
What gyrus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Parahippocampal Gyrus
What area is indicated by the blue arrow?

Why is it important?
The Vestibular Area

It overlies the location of the vestibular nuclei.
What is a Funiculus composed of?
(Three Funiculi are indicated)
It consists of a group of tracts (bundles of axons), either ascending, descending, or both.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Uncus
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

What does it do?
The Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

It conveys information to the cerebellum derived from the cerebral cortex.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
Superior Cerebellar Artery
What are the Cingulate Gyrus, the Parahippocampal Gyrus and the Uncus collectively called?
The "Limbic Lobe." (along with some associated structures)
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
What structure is indicated by the number 2 on the diagram?
The Posterior (Dorsal) Horn of the grey matter.
What does the Limbic System do?
It is involved with emotion and certain kinds of memory.
What type of information is carried on the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle?
It largely carries efferent fibers from the Cerebellum.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery.
What information does the Uncus receive?
It receives olfactory input
What structure is indicated by the number 1 on the diagram?
The Anterior (Ventral) Horn of the grey matter.
What region of the Corpus Callosum is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Rostrum.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery.
What region of the Corpus Callosum is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Genu
What is contained in the Nuclei (not in the cellular sense) of the grey matter? (e.g. indicated by blue boxes)
Nuclei consist of nerve cell bodies, the dendrites arising from the cell bodies and the axon terminals that synapse with them.

In 3D, the nuclei are actually columns of neurons that go up over several cord segments.
What region of the Corpus Callosum is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Body
Where does the brainstem derive its blood supply?
The brainstem is supplied by branches of the Inferior Cerebellar Arteries (Anterior and Posterior) as well as groups of the Central Arteries and the Pontine Arteries.
The Posteromedial and Posterolateral groups of the Central Arteries.
What region of the Corpus Callosum is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Splenium
What Nucleus of grey matter is indicated by the red arrow(s)?

What does it do?
The Substantia Gelatinosa (Rolandi)

The neurons here process incoming pain sensations, but don't give axons conveying the information higher.
What is the role of the Corpus Callosum?
It connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres, ensuring communication through commissural fibres.
Where does the Cerebellum derive its blood supply?
The Cerebellar Arteries.
Superior and Anterior Inferior off the Basilar.
Posterior Inferior off of the Vertebral Arteries.
What collection of fibres is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Anterior Commissure
What Nucleus of grey matter is indicated by the red arrow(s)?

What happens here?
The Nucleus Proprius.

Neurons here give rise to axons which cross the cord in the Ventral White Commissure and ascend contralaterally in the spinothalamic tracts.
What collection of fibres is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Posterior Commissure.
How many groups of Central Arteries are there?
Four:
1. Anteromedial (off Anterior Communicating and Cerebral)
2. Anterolateral (off Middle Cerebral)
3. Posteromedial (off Posterior Communicating and Posterior Cerebral)
4. Posterolateral (Off the Posterior Cerebral Artery)
What collection of fibres is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Fornix.
What do the neurons of the Nucleus Dorsalis do?
These neurons give off axons that ascend the cord in the Posterior Spinocerebellor Tract (see blue arrow), carrying proprioceptive info from the legs and trunk to the cerebellum (green arrow).
What two lobes are connected by the Anterior Commissure?
The right and left Temporal Lobes.
What are the Central Arteries?
Small arterial branches arising from the circle of Willis (or proximal branching arteries), that penetrate the base of the brain to supply deeply placed structures.
What foramen is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Interventricular Foramen.
What Nucleus of grey matter is indicated by the red arrow(s)?

What levels have this nucleus?
Nucleus Dorsalis (Clarke's Column)

It is found throughout the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the cord.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Corpora Quadrigemina (well, a part of it)
Where does the Anteromedial Group of the central arteries arise?

Where does it supply?
Chiefly from the Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Arteries.

Supply (portions of) the Hypothalamus.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cerebral Aqueduct.
What Nucleus of grey matter is indicated by the red arrow(s)?

Where is it found?
The Intermediolateral Cell Column (Lateral Horn).

It extends from the upper lumbar regions to the thoracic regions of the cord (similar to Nucleus Dorsalis).
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Cerebral Aqueduct.
Where do the Anterolateral Group of the central arteries arise?

What do they supply?
The Middle Cerebral Arteries.

Supply much of the "corpus striatum," and "the anterior limb, genu and much of the posterior limb of the internal capsule."
What is the function of the Posterior Commissure?
It consists of axons which mediate reflexes associated with pupillary constriction.
What is contained in the Intermediolateral Cell Column?
This Nucleus consists of sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons whose axons exit with the Anterior Root (blue arrow), then enter the sympathetic chain of ganglia (green arrow) via the White Ramus Cummunicantes (orange arrow).
What portion of the Fornix is indicated by the white arrow?
The Body.
Where do the Posteromedial group of the central arteries arise?

What do they supply?
The Posterior Communicating Arteries and the Posterior Cerebral Arteries.

Supply much of the thalamus and hypothalamus, the subthalamus, and some medial portions of the midbrain.
What portion of the Fornix is indicated by the white arrow?
One of the Columns.
What Nucleus of grey matter is indicated by the red arrow(s)?
The Medial Anterior Horn group of motor neurons.
What septum is indicated by the white arrow?
The Septum Pellucidum.
Where does the Posterolateral Group of central arteries arise from?

What do they supply?
The Posterior Cerebral Artery.

Supply the posterior portion of the thalamus, as well as the tectum and some lateral portions of the midbrain.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Thalamus.
What is the function of the neurons in the Anterior Horn?
They're the nuclei of somatic motor neurons.
What structure is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Hypothalamus.
What veins are indicated by the red arrows?
Superior Cerebral Veins
What structure is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Pineal Body.
How far up the spinal cord do you find the Anterior Horn Motor Neurons Nucleus?

Where is it bigger?
It's all up the spinal cord.

In the cervical swelling, there is both a Medial and Lateral Nucleus. It is also bigger in the area of the lumbo-sacral swelling.
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Its nuclei process sensory, motor, and limbic information, along with a variety of other kinds of information which are then sent to the cerebral cortex.
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
The Superior Anastomotic Vein (of Trolard)
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
It's intimately involved in the control of visceral activity and in the maintenance of homeostasis.
Certain regions are also involved with the limbic system.
It acts both with neurologic control and with hormonal control (as an endocrine organ).
What tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?
The Dorsolateral Tract (Tract of Lissauer).
What is the function of the Pineal Body?
It secretes melatonin.
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
The Inferior Anastomotic Vein (of Labbe)
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Gyrus Rectus (or Straight Gyrus)
Where does the Dorsolateral Tract receive axons from?

Where do they go?
Axons of the lateral division of the dorsal root (green arrow) enter the spinal cord and travel up or down the Dorsolateral Tract before entering the grey matter and synapsing in the Dorsal Horn (blue arrow).
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Olfactory Bulb
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
The Superficial Middle Cerebral Vein
What tract is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Olfactory Tract.
What Tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What signals does it carry?
The Fasciculus Gracilis.

It carries sensation of fine touch, proprioception, and vibration from the lower limb.
What sulcus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Olfactory Sulcus
What vein is indicated by the red arrow?
The Internal Jugular Vein
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Medial Olfactory Stria
What Tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What signals does it carry?
The Fasciculus Cuneatus.

Sensations of fine touch, proprioception, and vibration from upper limb.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Lateral Olfactory Stria.
What Tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What signals does it carry?
The Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract.

It carries proprioceptive information from the lower limb to the cerebellum.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Anterior Perforated Substance
Where do the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tracts' axons derive?
They come from the neuronal cell bodies in the Nucleus Dorsalis (Clarke's Column), on the same side of the spinal cord.
Clarke's Column is only located on the upper Lumbar through Thoracic spinal cord.
What gyri are indicated by the blue arrows?
The Orbital Gyri
What Tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What signals does it carry?
The Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract.

It carries proprioceptive information from the lower limb to the cerebellum.
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Inferior Temporal Gyrus.
Where does the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract derive from?
It derives its axons from the cell bodies on the other side of the spinal cord in the dorsal horn.
What gyri are indicated by the blue arrows?
The Occipitotemporal Gyri (lateral and medial)
Where does the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract (red arrow) enter the Cerebellum?
Through the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (see red line).
What gyrus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Parahippocampal Gyrus.
Where does the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract (red arrow) enter the Cerebellum?
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (follow green line).
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Uncus
(a prominent bump on the Parahyppocampal Gyrus)
What Tract of white matter is indicated by the red arrow?

What are its divisions?
The Anterolateral System

It's divided into the Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts.
What (dissected out) nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Optic Nerve.
Where do the axons of the Anterolateral system (red arrow) derive from (both Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tracts)?
They both derive from the Nucleus Proprius on the opposing side (green arrow).
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Optic Chiasm (or chiasma)
What sensations are carried by the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract (red arrow)?
Light touch and pressure.
What happens at the Optic Chiasma?
There is a partial crossing of the Optic Nerves.
Where do the neurons whose axons form the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (red arrow) receive their input from?

How is this different from the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract?
Afferent neurons from the dorsal root ganglion cells within a segment or two of the neurons in question (yellow arrows).

The anterior Spinothalamic Tract's input sensory cell bodies can be located several segments away.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
An Optic Tract.
What tract of white matter is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Where do the Optic Tracts terminate?
Mainly in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus.
What tract of white matter is indicated by the orange arrow?
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
A Mamillary Body
What types of signals are carried by the Corticospinal Tracts (both Anterior and Lateral)?
Motor signals, they are often described as "Upper Motor Neurons."
What are the Mamillary Bodies?
Two hypothalamic nuclei that receive input from the limbic lobe via the fornix.
Where do the Lateral Corticospinal Tracts cross?
They cross at the Pyramidal Decussation in the Medulla.
Which division of the brainstem is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Medulla Oblongata.
Which white matter tracts contains 75-90% of the pyramidal tract fibres that cross at the pyramidal decussation in the medulla?
The Lateral Corticospinal Tracts.
Which division of the brainstem is indicated by the blue arrow?
The (Basilar) Pons
Do the anterior Corticospinal Tracts cross before entering the spinal cord?
No, although they may (but not always) cross at the level they terminate, using the Ventral White Commissure (blue arrow).
How low down the spinal cord does the Anterior Corticospinal Tract descend?

The Lateral?
The Anterior Corticospinal Cord only extends as far as the upper thoracic cord.

The Lateral goes down all the way.
Which division of the brainstem is indicated by the blue arrow?
The (Basilar) Pons
Which structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Olive of the Medulla Oblongata.
Which region of the brain is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Cerebellum
What is the branching white matter indicated by the blue arrow?
The Arbor Vitae (the Tree of Life)
Which space is indicated by the blue arrow?

What does it do?
The Cerebral Aqueduct, connecting the Third and Fourth Ventricles.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Corpora Quadrigemina (Quadrigeminal Plate)
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
A Superior Colliculus of the Quadrigeminal Plate

(there are two superior colliculi)
What is the function of the Superior Colliculi of the Corpora Quadrigemina?
They are involved with visual functions.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Basis Pedunculi

(The Cerebral Crus is the anterior surface of the Cerebral Peduncle, another name for Basis Pedunculi)
What surface is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Posterior Perforated Substance.
What is the space located anterior to the Posterior Perforated Surface?
The Interpeduncular Fossa.
Describe the fibers of the Basilar Pons.
They are Transverse Fibers, and they cross over the anterior surface of the brainstem and continue into the Cerebellum.
What tracts are indicated by the blue arrows?
The Pyramidal Tracts of the medulla.