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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What divides the Thalamus and Hypothalamus?
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Hypothalmic sulcus
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What forms the lateral wall of the third ventricle?
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thalamus
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The (________) acts like a funnel. The inside of the funnel is the (__________). The (_______) is around its edges. The spout of the third ventricle is called the (___________). The top of the spout is called the (__________). The stalk of the pituitary gland is called the (_________). And then you have the pituitary gland, aka the (________).
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The (hypothalamic sulcus) acts like a funnel. The inside of the funnel is the (third ventricle). The (hypothalamus) is around its edges. The spout of the third ventricle is called the (tuber cinerum). The top of the spout is called the (median eminence). The stalk of the pituitary gland is called the (infundibulum). And then you have the pituitary gland, aka the (hypophysis).
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There is a ridge in the lateral wall of the third ventricle, above the thalamus, called the ___________. It's a large fiber tract.
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There is a ridge in the lateral wall of the third ventricle, above the thalamus, called the fornix.
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What hangs off the back of the third ventricle?
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Epithalamus (pineal gland)
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___________ found on either side of the third ventricle, floor of the fourth ventricle and in the lateral ventricles.
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(Choroid plexus) found on either side of the third ventricle, floor of the fourth ventricle and in the lateral ventricles.
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In elderly, the (__________) calcifies in third, fourth, and lateral ventricles, and in the pineal gland. Mass lesions in the skull can be diagnosed by (_________________________)
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In elderly, the (choroid plexus) calcifies in third, fourth, and lateral ventricles, and in the pineal gland. Mass lesions in the skull can be diagnosed by (a shift in these midline structures. )
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What 3 principle areas connect the R and L cerebral hemispheres?
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1) Anterior commisure
2) posterior commisure 3) corpus callosum |
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What is the treatment for epilepsy that involves the L and R cerebral hemispheres and what is it called?
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Cut and isolate the hemispheres from communicating with eachother. Called "split brain"
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What are the three regions of nuclei in the hypothalamus and where are they located? (anterior/middle/posterior)
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Anterior - Supraoptic
Middle - Tuberal Posterior - mamillary |
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The supraoptic nucleus is in what region?
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supraoptic.
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus is in what region?
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supraoptic.
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The paraventricular nucleus is in what region?
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supraoptic.
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What nucleus sits in the lateral part of the funnel, just before the "median eminance"? What region is it in?
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Arcuate nucleus sits in the tuberal region.
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What is the pathway of the hippocampus called and where does it go?
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The Fornix. Its neurons project up and around, and down into the mamillary body.
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Limbic projects to the hypothalamus come from what two places (names and location)
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1) septal nuclei - located in front of the third ventricle
2)hippocampus - in the temporal lobe |
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Where do the mamillary bodies project?
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Anterior Nucleus of the thalamus.
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Where does the anterior nucleus of the thalamus project?
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Cingulate Gyrus
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Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What loop does it form?
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Just above the corpus callosum. It forms the Papez circuit.
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You experience your environment through the ______ to the ___________. Everything gets funneled into the ___________ (limbic system).
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You experience your environment through the (thalamus) to the (cerebral cortex) . Everything gets funneled into the (Papez circuit) (limbic system)
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The role of the hypothalamus is ___________?
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Autonomic control. Your body's visceral response to the emotion you've attached to your environment (i.e. sweating due to nervousness.
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What is the function of Vagal Sensory nuclei in the hypothalamus?
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Taste and visceral afferents into the hypothalamus are also coming from the autonomic nerves, especialy the vagus nerve/solitary nucleus.
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Where do somatic afferents that project into the hypothalamus come from?
How do the two work together? |
somatic afferents from the thalamus project to that hypothalamus.
A relay of sensation. ex: suckling on nipples produces milk, stimulation of the genitals produces.... |
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To which nucleus of the hypothalamus do Retinal afferents project?
Ex? How does it work? What system helps it? |
Retinal afferents project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
ex: circadium rhythms As the sun starts to rise your body produces more cortisol as a direct result of hypothalamic stimulation. Cortilsol induces rise in BP, pulse, and epinephrine. This is why 50% heart attacks occur between 6am and noon. Oxygen demand of the heart is highest in this time. Vasculature system: contents in the blood will activate the neurons of the hypothalamus. So, vasculature is considered an afferent supply to the hypothalamus. |
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Why do 50% of heart attacks occur between 6am and noon?
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Circadian rhythms and retinal afferents to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Cortisol is released as a direct result of hypothalamic stimulation.
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What are the 4 types of Afferent projections to the hypothalamus?
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1) Limbic
2) Vagal Sensory Nuclei (taste, VA, autonomics) 3) Somatic afferents from the thalamus 4) Retinal afferents from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus |
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What are the two types of hypothalamic efferents?
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Neural and Endocrine
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Neural efferents from the hypothalamus project directly to what 4 things?
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1) Thalamus (anterior thalamic nucleus)
2) Amygdaloid Nucleus (in the limbic system) 3) Reticular formation 4) brainstem/spinal cord |
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What is the function of the reticular formation?
How does it work? |
It controls heart/respiratory rate. (autonomics)
Either as a direct project of the hypothalamus, or an indirect projection through the reticular formation, tehre is efferent outflow to the preganglionic sympathetics between T1 and L2, and to the parasympathetics in CNs 3, 7, 9 and 10, and S2-S4. |
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Where in the spinal cord does the hypothalamus efferents project, and to what CNs? (either directly or indirectly through the reticular formation)
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pregang sympathetics: T1 - L2
parasympathetics: S2 - S4, and CNs 3, 7, 9, and 10 |
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The pituitary gland comes from what two places?
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1) diverticulum of the diencephalon
2) rathke's pouch from the oral cavity |
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What is rathke's pouch?
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A diverticulum of the oral cavity that joins up with a diverticulum of the diencephalon to form the pituitary gland.
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What are the two parts of the pituitary gland and from where are they derived? What part of the pituitary do they make up (ant/post)?
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1) Pars distalis: Anterior lobe of pituitary; ectoderm in origin, derived from the roof of oral cavity
2) Pars nervosa: posterior lobe of pituitary; derived from diencephalon |
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What makes up the hypothalamohypophoyseal tract and where does it project?
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The neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Projects from the supraoptic region, through the tuberal region, down the median eminance and into the neurophyophysis (posterior pituitary). |
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what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
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Oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) |
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From where is oxytocin released and what are its two roles?
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Released from the posterior pituitary.
1) stimulates uterine contraction during pregnancy 2) induces milk letdown reflex |
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From where is ADH (vasopressin) released and what are its two roles?
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Released from the posterior pituitary
1) Vasoconstrictor (the most powerful we know of) 2) increasing or decreasing ADH, decreases or increases blood osmolarity |
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An increase in ADH will (increase/decrease) blood osmolarity
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An increase in ADH will (decrease) blood osmolarity
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If you have no ADH production, you will........?
what syndrome is this? |
pee your brains out
"diabetes insipidus": dilute urine, excessive thirst |
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If you have too much ADH, you.....
What syndrome is this? causes problems with: |
won't pee and will be volume overloaded.
SIADH: syndrome of inappropriate ADH hypersecretion causes problems with electrolytes |
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Tuberal nuclei (arcuate nucleus) project short axons into the _____________ and release their substances into the ________. They redistribute around the anterior pituitary cells, called ___________.
This system is called the "_________________" |
Tuberal nuclei (arcuate nucleus) project short axons into the (median eminence) and release their substances into the (sinusoids). They (the sinusoids) redistribute around the anterior pituitary cells, called pituicytes.
This system is called the "hypothalamohypohyseal portal system" |
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Different pituicytes release different hormones in response to being stimulated/inhibited by ___________ neurons
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Different pituicytes release different hormones in response to being stimulated/inhibited by (tuberal) neurons
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Which nuclei of the hypothalamus control the:
anterior pituitary? posterior pituitary? |
Anterior pituitary controlled by tuberal neurons (arcuate nucleus)
Posterior nuclei controlled by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract. |
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All of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are (excitatory/inhibitory)
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All of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are (excitatory)
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What are the 7 hormones released by the hypothalamus that act on the pituicytes?
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1) Cortiocotrophin releasing hormone
2) Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone 3) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 4) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone 5) Somatistatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) 6) Prolactin Release Hormone 7) Dopamine (prolactin inhibitory hormone) |
if you need help remembering the hormones, "Please Call The Great God"
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Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH) causes the release of what hormones?
What are the functions of the released hormones? |
1) β-Lipotropin, a precursor for β-endorphins and melanocyte stimulating hormone
2)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone): has a direct impact on the adrenal cortex and causes the production of cortisol (morning rise in blood pressure) and aldosterone (increases water absorption) |
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β-Lipotropin is a precursor for ________ and ______________, and is released by _____________.
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β-Lipotropin is a precursor for (β-endorphins) and (melanocyte stimulating hormone) , and is released by (corticotrophs), due to CRH.
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ACTH has a direct impact on the _______________ and causes the production of ________ and ___________
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ACTH has a direct impact on the (adrenal cortex) and causes the production of (aldosterone) and (cortisol)
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Thyrotropin releasing hormone releases ____________ and causes the synthesis and release of ______________ and ____________ from the ________.
What is the function of the released hormones? |
Thyrotropin releasing hormone releases (TSH) and causes the synthesis and release of Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) from the (thyroid gland).
What is the function of the released hormones? (Determines metabolic rate) |
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What is the function of T3 and T4?
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They determine metabolic rate.
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulates the release of ____________ and __________.
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulates the release of (FSH) and (LH).
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FSH functions to:
Its release is caused by? |
FSH increases estrogen production in ovaries and cause follicles to mature into a mature egg
It's release is caused by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone |
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LH functions to: (2 things)
Its release is caused by? |
1) LH maintains the Corpus Leuteum, which produces progesterone that keeps the Uterine lining intact.
2) LH causes an increase in temperature just before ovulation It's release is caused by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone |
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Too much Growth hormone as a kid results in?
as ad adult? symptoms? |
As a kid, giantism
as an adult, acromegaly. Bones get thicker, not longer |
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What stimuulates the release of Prolactin?
What inhibits the release of prolactin? Where is it secreted? |
Prolactin Release Hormone
Dopamine. Secreted by the neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. |
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Satiety: What is it, what controls it?
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Centers in the hypothalamus sensitive to glucose levels in blood. Once it reaches a certain level your desire to eat is deplenished.
Controlled by vasculature of hypothalamus |
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Osmoreceptors... What controls them?
What hormones are involved? |
Controlled by the vasculature of the hypothalamus. Related to ADH, which decreases blood osmolarity, and ACTH, which stimulates the release of aldosterone.
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What is the renin angiotensin sytem and what hormone affects it?
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The renin angiotensis system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium and water. |
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what part of the hypothalamus controls parasympathetics (ant/posterior)?
what part controls sympathetics? |
Anterior part - parasympathetics
Posterior part - sympathetics |
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What is the autonomic fiber tract that runs from the hypothalamus to the brain stem called?
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Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus.
(hypothalamus -> brain stem) |
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What determines your body's temperature set point?
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Hypothalamus. related to the vascular part
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what is the Retinosuprachiasmatic tract (aka retinohypothalamic tract) related to?
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related to circadian rhythms. responsible for the release of melatonin and cortisol in the morning
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How does the hypothalamus affect behavior?
ex:? |
Through the vascular part of the hypothalamus.
Ex: there's more estrogen receptors on the brain than anywhere else. Has an effect on emotion. |
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What are the 7 functions related to the vascular part of the hypothalamus?
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Behavior
Osmoreceptors Autonomics Temperature Regulation Sleep Circadian Rhythms Satiety |
"BOATS Can Sink"
B.O.A.T.S.C.S. |
