Neuroanatomy-Hy

Front 1

hydrocephalus
-desc
-MCC

Back 1

dilation of cerebral ventricles d/t blocked CSF pathways

MCC stenosis of cerebral aquaduct during development, d/t maternal infxn with Toxoplasmosis or CMV

Front 2

noncommunicating hydrocephalus d/t

Back 2

blockage within ventricles (e.g. congenital aquaductal stenosis)

Front 3

communicating hydrocephalus

Back 3

bocklage ithin subarachnoid space (e.g. adhesions after meningitis)

Front 4

normal-pressue hydrocephalus

Back 4

-occurs when CSF not absorbed by arachnoid villi

-"wacky wobbly wet" (triad of dementia, ataxia, & urinary incontinence)

Front 5

hydrocephalus ex vacuo d/t

Back 5

loss of cells in caudate nucleus,

e.g. Huntington's dz

Front 6

transtentorial herniation

Back 6

=uncal herniation
-incr supratentorial pressure (e.g.tumor) forces hippocampal uncus thru tentorial notch
==>compress CN3
==>dilated, fixed pupil ("blown pupil")

Front 7

tonsillar herniation
-AKA

Back 7

AKA transforaminal herniation

-brainstem and cerebellar tonsils herniates thru foramen magnum

Front 8

subfalcine herniation

Back 8

herniate below falx cerebri

Front 9

internal capsule
-section
-contains what
-perfused by what

Back 9

white matter (myelinated axons) that separate the caudate nucleus and thalamus medially from lentiform nucleus laterally

A. ant limb:
-separates caudate from lentiform nucleus
-perfused by ACA & lateral striate (lenticulostriate) branches of MCA

B. genu:
-contains corticobulbar fibers
-perfused by int carotid A

C. post limb:
-b/w thalamus & lentiform nucleus
-contains corticospinal fibers (pyramid)
-contains sensory fibers:
*spinothalamic (pain & temp)
*touch (dorsal column)

-perfused by lateral striate (lenticulostriate) branches of MCA

Front 10

medial striate arteries

Back 10

br's of ACA
-supply:
*putamen (ant portion)
*caudate (ant portion)
*IC (anteroinferior part)

Front 11

what A supplies visual cortex

Back 11

PCA

Front 12

lateral striate arteries

Back 12

AKA lenticulostriate arteries

-br's of MCA

"arteries of stroke"
-supply:
IC
globus pallidum
caudate
putamen

Front 13

"arteries of stroke"
-AKA
-supplies what

Back 13

lateral striate A
AKA lenticulostriate arteries

-br's of MCA

"arteries of stroke"
-supply:
IC
globus pallidum
caudate
putamen

Front 14

which hemorrhage causes brain damage

Back 14

subdural hematomas ALWAYS cause brain damage

Front 15

high alpha-FP suggests

Back 15

NT defects (spina bifida, anencephaly)

Front 16

low alpha-FP suggests

Back 16

Down's syndrome

Front 17

from what embryologic structure do cerebral hemispheres derive?

Back 17

telencephalon<==prosencephalon (forebrain)

Front 18

from what embryologic structure does thalamus derive

Back 18

diencephalon<==prosencephalon (forebrain)

Front 19

from what embryologic structure does midbrain derive

Back 19

mesencephalon

Front 20

from what embryologic structure does pons derive

Back 20

metencephalon<==rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 21

from what embryologic structure does cerebellum derive

Back 21

metencephalon<==rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 22

from what embryologic structure does medulla derive

Back 22

myelencphalon<==rhombencephalon

Front 23

from what embryologic structure do lateral ventricles derive

Back 23

telencephalon<==prosencephalon (forebrain)

Front 24

from what embryologic structure does 3rd ventricle dervice

Back 24

diencephalon<==prosencephalon (forebrain)

Front 25

from what embryologic structure does cerebral aquaduct derive

Back 25

mesencephalon

Front 26

from what embryologic structure does upper 4th ventricle derive

Back 26

metencephalon<==rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 27

from what embryologic structure does lower 4th ventricle derive

Back 27

myelencphalon<==rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 28

anecephaly d/t

Back 28

failure of ant neuropore to close

Front 29

spina bifida d/t

Back 29

failure of post neuropore to close

Front 30

optic nerve and chiasm derived from what

Back 30

diencephalon

Front 31

coloboma iridis

Back 31

failure of choroid fissure (contains optic N fibers) to close

-this is what Dr Johnson's niece has

Front 32

embryologic origin of pituitary gland

Back 32

note: "hypophysis"=pituitary

A. Adenohypophysis (ant pit) derived from Rathke's pouch (ectodermal diverticulum of primitive mouth cavity)

remnants of Rathke's pouch==>craniopharyngioma (congenital cystic tumor)

B. Neurohypophysis (post pit):
derives from ventral outpouching of hypothalamus (neuroectodern of neural tube)

Front 33

craniopharyngioma

Back 33

remnant of Rathke's pouch (ectodermal diverticulum of primitive mouth cavity)

craniopharyngioma (remnants of Rathke's pouch, the ectoderm of primitive mouth cavity)

Craniopharyngioma lies just above sella (where pituitary sits)==>can destroy pituitary==>hypopit

It also lies near optic chiasm==>bitemporal hemianopsia

Front 34

cranium bifidum

Back 34

defect in occipital bone thru which meninges, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle can herniate

cranium bifidum (head) ~ spina bidifa (s.c.)

Front 35

Fetal Alcohol syndrome
-Sx

Back 35

MCC of MR

-microcephaly
-congenital heart dz
-holoprosencephaly (most severe, =cyclops): failure of midline cleaveage of embryonic forebrain==>no corpus callosum, single ventricle

Front 36

holoprosencephaly

Back 36

=cyclops:

failure of midline cleaveage of embryonic forebrain==>no corpus callosum, single ventricle

Front 37

MC supratentorial tumor in kids

Back 37

craniopharyngioma (remnants of Rathke's pouch, the ectoderm of primitive mouth cavity)

Front 38

MCC hypopituitarism

Back 38

craniopharyngioma (remnants of Rathke's pouch, the ectoderm of primitive mouth cavity)

Craniopharyngioma lies just above sella (where pituitary sits)==>can destroy pituitary==>hypopit

It also lies near optic chiasm==>bitemporal hemianopsia

Front 39

Arnold Chiari malformation

Back 39

Post fossa is small, thus not enough room for brain structures
→Cerebellar vermis squishes down thru foramen magnum (makes sense that the cerebellar vermis is what herniates b/c the cerebellum is located in the post fossa, which is too small)
==>when cerebellar vermis goes thru foramen magnum, it then covers dorsal portion of cervical sc
→kink in dorsal, upper portion of cervical cord

-Fusion of colliculi→”beaking of tectum”

*Aquaductal stenosis
*Myelomeningocele (100% Chiari Type II malformations are assoc w/myelomeningoceles; 50% of myelomeningoceles are assoc w/Chiari Type II)

Front 40

Dandy Walker syndrom

Back 40

-post fossa too large (d/t cysts covering exit from 4th ventricle==>huge 4th ventricle & hydrocephalus

-agenesis of cerebellar vermis

Front 41

lipofuscin granules

Back 41

-pigmented granules in cytoplasm
-lysosome remnants
-accumulate w/aging

Front 42

Hirano bodies

Back 42

(intraneuronal inclusions)

-Alz dz

Front 43

cowdry Type A inclusion bodies

Back 43

(intranuclear incluusions

herpes simplex encephalitis

Front 44

cauda equina

Back 44

motor and sensory roots (from L2 to coccyx) that extend past the conus medullaris (which ends at L1 in adults, L3 in newborn)

Front 45

conus medullaris

Back 45

the terminal end of the spinal cord

-ends at L1 in adults, L3 in newborns

Front 46

brown-sequard syndrome

Back 46

=hemisection of s.c.

-ipsilateral dorsal column
-ipsilateral corticospinal (spastic paralysis (UMN) + pyramidal signs)
-contralateral spinothalamic

Front 47

Vit B12 deficiency==>what neurologic sx

Back 47

infarcts ant 2/3 of spinal cord, but spares dorsal columns (pic HY p. 70)

-lateral corticospinal
==>bilateral spastic paresis (UMN) + pyramidal signs below the lesion

-spinothalamic-bilateral loss

Front 48

guillan barre syndrome

Back 48

-PNS lesion==>LMN Sx
-post-infectious
-demyelination

often:
-upper cervical root involvement
-caudal CN involvementw/facial diplegia

Front 49

what does the cavernous sinus contain

Back 49

ICA
CN 3,4,V1,V2,6
post-ganglionic sympathetics en route to visual orbit

Front 50

what do these results indicate:

Weber Test: lateralizes to left ear

Rinne Test:
BC>AC on left
AC>BC on right

(BC=bone conduction,
AC=air conduction)

Back 50

conduction deafness in left ear

(note: nl response is for AC>BC; remember when do Rinne test (put tuning fork on mastoid process behind ear and then move in front of ear, you should hear vibration in air (AC) after bone conduction is gone (BC))

-conduction deafness=middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 51

what do these results indicate:

Weber Test: lateralizes to right ear

Rinne Test:
BC>AC on right
AC>BC on left

(BC=bone conduction,
AC=air conduction)

Back 51

conduction deafness in right ear

(note: nl response is for AC>BC; remember when do Rinne test (put tuning fork on mastoid process behind ear and then move in front of ear, you should hear vibration in air (AC) after bone conduction is gone (BC))

-conduction deafness=middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 52

what do these results indicate:

Weber Test: lateralizes to right ear

Rinne Test:
AC>BC on both ears

(BC=bone conduction,
AC=air conduction)

Back 52

nerve deafness in left ear

(note: nl response for Rinne Test is for AC>BC; remember when do Rinne test (put tuning fork on mastoid process behind ear and then move in front of ear, you should hear vibration in air (AC) after bone conduction is gone (BC))

-conduction deafness=middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 53

what do these results indicate:

Weber Test: lateralizes to left ear

Rinne Test:
AC>BC on both ears

(BC=bone conduction,
AC=air conduction)

Back 53

nerve deafness in right ear

(note: nl response for Rinne Test is for AC>BC; remember when do Rinne test (put tuning fork on mastoid process behind ear and then move in front of ear, you should hear vibration in air (AC) after bone conduction is gone (BC))

-conduction deafness=middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 54

what is nl Weber Test and nl Rinne result

Back 54

Weber: no lateralization
Rinne: AC>BC for both ears

(note: nl response for Rinne Test is for AC>BC; remember when do Rinne test (put tuning fork on mastoid process behind ear and then move in front of ear, you should hear vibration in air (AC) after bone conduction is gone (BC))

-conduction deafness=middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 55

conduction deafness

Back 55

middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

vs. -nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

Front 56

what is nerve deafness

Back 56

-nerve deafness=sensorineural deafness (e.g. presbycusis)

vs. conduction deafness: middle ear deafness (e.g. otosclerosis, otitis media)

Front 57

results of calorics in unconscious subjects

Back 57

-no nystagmus
-when brainstem intact==>deviation of eyes to the side of cold irrigation
-when bilateral MLF lesion==>deviation of the abducting eye to the side of cold irrigation
-when lower brainstem lesion==>no deviation of eyes

Front 58

what causes vertical diploplia that worsens when looking down (i.e. walking down the stairs, reading)

& improvees w/head tilting?

Back 58

CN 4 palsy

Front 59

what causes horizontal diploplia

Back 59

CN 6 palsy

Front 60

pupillary dilation pathway

Back 60

-mediated by SNS
-interruption of any point in pathway==>ipsilateral Horner's syndrome

A. Hypothalamus: Hypothalamic neurons of paraventricular nucleus project directly to ciliospinal center (T1-T2) of IMLCC

B. Ciliospinal Center of Bulge (T1-T2): projects preganglionic symp fibers to sup cerv gang

C. Superior Cervical ganglion: projects postganglionic sympathetic fibers thru tympanic cavity & cavernous sinus
==>superior orbital fissure
==>enter orbit
==>dilator muscle of iris

Front 61

Horner's syndrome

Back 61

d/t transection of oculosympathetic pathway at any level (thus, less SNS stuff)

-miosis
-ptosis
-apparent enopthalmos
-hemianhidrosis (no sweating)

Front 62

communicating rami

Back 62

White communicating rami:
-myelinated
-found b/w T1-L3

Gray communicating rami
-unmyelinated
-found at all spinal levels (T1-coccyx)

Front 63

what innervates lacrimal and nasal glands

Back 63

2-neuron path from CN 7:

lacrimal nucleus sends out CN 7
==>pterygopalatine ganglion
==>lacrimal and nasal glands

Front 64

what innervates submandibular and sublingual glands

Back 64

2 neuron path of CN 7:

superior salivatory nucleus sends out CN 7
==>submandibular ganglion
==>submandibular and sublingual glands

Front 65

what innervates parotid gland

Back 65

2 neuron path of CN 9:

inferior salivatory nucleus sends out CN 9
==>otic ganglion
==>parotid gland

Front 66

what innervates bladder

Back 66

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4)

Front 67

what innervates genital erectile tissue

Back 67

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4)

Front 68

pelvic splanchnic nerves
-what levels
-what do they innervate

Back 68

-S2,S3,S4
-innervate bladder & genital erectile tissue

Front 69

which area in hypothalamus regulates release of gonadotropic hormones?

Back 69

preoptic area of hypothalamus

Front 70

destruction of what in hypothalamus can cause diabetes insipidus

Back 70

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (these produce ADH and oxytocin)

Front 71

which area in hypothalamus produces hypothalamic releasing factors

Back 71

arcute nucleus

Front 72

which area in hypothalamus contains DOPA-ergic neurons that inhibit PRL release

Back 72

arcute nucleus

Front 73

Kluver Bucy syndrome

Back 73

d/t bilateral destruction of anterior temporal lobes, including amydala

*hypersexuality
*hyperphagia
*docility (placidity) [amygdala~emotion/rate)
*psychic blindness (visual agnosia)

Front 74

memory loss d/t

Back 74

hippocampal pathology

Front 75

what causes anterograde amnesia (inability to learn and retain new info)

Back 75

=amnestic (confabulatory syndrome)

d/t bilateral infarction of hippocampus

Front 76

what nucleus degenerates in Alz Dz

Back 76

basal nucleus of Meynert

Front 77

pathway for synthesizing catecholamines

Back 77

Phenylalanine
==>L-DOPA
==>dopamine
==>NE
==>Epi

Front 78

Substance P

Back 78

-pain transmission

-decreased levels in Huntington's

Front 79

decreased Substance P levels

Back 79

Huntington's