Intro To Pta

Front 1

Motor Control is the study of what?

Back 1

Motor Control is the study of the nature and cause of movement.

Hint 1

Definition listed on lecture 1 outline.

Front 2

Motor Control is dependent on what three things? Expand and contrast.

Back 2

1. Perception (Senses)
Have to think about moving from point A to point B.
2. Cognition (understanding and reasoning)
How do I get from point A to Point B.
3. Motor Capability (action) The muscle have to be able to contract in order to get from A to B.

Front 3

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Back 3

CNS & PNS

Hint 3

only the names of the divisions

Front 4

What makes up the CNS?

Back 4

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 5

What makes up the PNS?

Back 5

Cranial and spinal nerves

Front 6

What are the physiological divisions of the nervous system?

Back 6

Somatic and automatic

Hint 6

Just list the names

Front 7

What is the function of the somatic division?

Back 7

The somatic division innervates the body wall, skin, and muscles. Mostly voluntary

Front 8

What is the function of the Autonomic division?

Back 8

The autonomic divsion-
central and peripheral nerves innervate organs, blood vessels. Mostly involuntary

Front 9

What are the two parts of the autonomic Nervous system?

Back 9

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic?

Front 10

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 10

The sympathetic arouses the body. If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you (such as a longed-for job interview) the sympathetic system will accelerate your heartbeat , raise your blood pressure, slow digestion, raise blood sugar, and cool you with perspiration, making you alert and ready for action. (Lie-detection machines measure stress responses which sometimes also accompany lies.)

Hint 10

"arousing"

Front 11

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron.

Back 11

A neuron is one specialized cell that conducts impulses through electrical and chemical processes.

A nerve is a lot of neurons grouped together outside the CNS.

Front 12

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?

Back 12

A tract is a group of nerves with the same information/type of information being transmitted.

Front 13

Do neurons multiply?

Back 13

no

Front 14

Do neurons need oxygen?

Back 14

yes

Front 15

Name the two types of neurons, tell what kind of impulses they send and which direction they go.

Back 15

Efferent neurons send a motor impulse to glands or muscles and are descending.

Afferent send a sensory impulse and are ascending.

Front 16

How many neurons are in a typical motor impulse?

Back 16

2- One UMN and one LMN

Front 17

How many neurons are in a typical sensory impulse?

Back 17

Three.
1st order neuron, 2nd order neuron, and 3rd order neuron.

Front 18

What is the name of a neuron cell body?

Back 18

Soma

Front 19

What is the name for a bundle/collection/group of cell bodies?

Back 19

ganglia

Front 20

What color are cell bodies?

Back 20

grey

Front 21

Why is white matter white?

Back 21

Myelin on axons

Front 22

What are tracts?

Back 22

bundles of axons belonging to neurons that appear white. They are pathways for information in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and can be ascending(sensory) or descending (motor).

Front 23

Where does one neuron connect to another?

Back 23

at a synapse

Front 24

What flows across the synapse?

Back 24

Ions flow across the membranes which is an electrical current.

Front 25

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron.

Be able to name them and label them on a picture

Back 25

Dendrites
Axon
Cell Body

Front 26

In what part of the neuron are the following found?

Myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
Nucleus
Nissl granules

Back 26

Myelin- axon
Nodes of R.-axon
Nucleus- cell body
Nissl- cell body

Front 27

What is it called when a neuron supplies enough stimulus to another neuron or muscle to allow sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse polarity?

Back 27

Action potential

Front 28

What is it called where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell?

Back 28

Nueromuscular Junction or
Mylonueral junction

Front 29

What is the name of the chemical released by neurons to stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effector cells?

Back 29

Neurotransmitter

Front 30

What are the two types of action potentials?

Back 30

Excitatory Presynaptic Potential (PSP)
Inhibitory Presynaptic Potential (PSP)

Front 31

How is it determined which action potential will be produced?

Back 31

Whichever one is the strongest

Front 32

How are action potentials measured?

Back 32

Temporal Summation- repetition of the same stimulus in the same place. This builds over time.

Spatial Summation- repetitions of the same stimulus at the same time but in different spaces. Adds up for a stronger muscle contraction. (The cell becomes more negative, depolarization occurs and it's more likely to fire.)

Front 33

When axons of a motor neuron branch to adhere to a sarcolema, what is that called?
(site of contact between the axon and a muscle fiber)

Back 33

motor endplate

Front 34

What is the name of the auto immune disease when there is no action potential at the neuromuscular junction

Back 34

myasthenia gravis

Front 35

What 2 filaments connect to cause a muscle contraction?

Back 35

actin and myosin

Front 36

Can an axon divide and innervate hundreds of muscle fibers?

Back 36

yes

Front 37

Do peripheral nerves contain sensory, motor, or both?

Back 37

both

Front 38

What is the connective tissue around 1 axon called?

Back 38

Endoneurium

Front 39

Connective tissue around fasicles of axons

Back 39

perineurium

Front 40

Connective tissue around groups of fasicles

Back 40

Epineurium

Front 41

What body chart shows what nerve our skin sensation travels on?

Back 41

Dermatone

Front 42

What body chart shows which nerve causes motor movement in a muscle?

Back 42

myotome

Front 43

Name the vertebral spinal roots are involved in the "slap, slap, slide"

Back 43

C1-T2

Front 44

Where does cervical spine C8 exit?

Back 44

Below c-8?

Front 45

Are cranial nerves part of the CNS?

Back 45

No

Front 46

Are spinal nerves part of the CNS?

Back 46

No

Front 47

Are tracts part of the CNS?

Back 47

yes

Front 48

Where do cranial nerves enter and exit?

Back 48

The brain stem

Front 49

Do cranial nerves carry motor and sensory information?

Back 49

Yes between the head and the ANS

Front 50

What are neurons that send messages from the cortex tot he ventral horn?

Back 50

UMN

Front 51

Neurons that send messages from the ventral horn to a muscle

Back 51

LMN

Front 52

1. Epineurium- connective tissue around groups of fasicles forming a nerve.
2. Perineurium- surrounding bundles of axons called fasicles
3. Endoneurium- connective tissue around one axon

Back 52

Name these three structures on the peripheral Nerve and define them

Hint 52

E.P.E.