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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which motor neuron has its cell body in the motor cortex?
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Upper Motor Neuron
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Which motor neuron send its axon through a peripheral nerve to the voluntary muscle?
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Lower Motor Neuron
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What type of motor neuron lesion typically produce spasticity, hypertonia, and hyperreflexia, with positive Babinski sign?
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Upper motor neuron lesion
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What type of motor neuron lesion typically produce flaccidity, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and atrophy?
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Lower motor neuron lesions
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Where does the corticospinal tract originate in cortex?
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Dorsolateral precentral gyrus
Rostral portion of the paracentral lobule |
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On its descent, where do the majority of the corticospinal tract axons cross?
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In the pyramidal decussation in the medulla oblonga
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Through which structures does the corticospinal tract pass before crossing in the pyramidal decussation?
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Internal Capsule
Crus Cerebri of the Midbrain Basilar Pons Pyramid of the Medulla |
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The lateral corticospinal tract gives off terminations primarily to which lamina?
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Lamina VII
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In which specific region of the spinal cord's grey matter can alpha motor neurons be found?
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Lamina IX
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In which funiculus do the corticospinal axons that do not cross in the pyramidal decussation descend?
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Anterior (ventral) funiculus
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Through which funiculus do the corticospinal axons travel after crossing in the pyramidal decussation?
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Lateral Funiculus
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What does the corticobulbar tract originate from?
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Large pyramidal neurons in the ventrolateral precentral gyrus
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Through which regions does the corticobulbar tract pass before ascending through the tegmentum?
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Internal capsule and crus cerebri of the midbrain
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Where does the corticobulbar tract terminate?
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Within the cranial nerve motor nuclei or on interneurons in premotor nuclei
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Where do corticobulbars related to the control of eye movement originate?
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Middle Frontal Gyrus
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A lesion of the corticobulbar tract would result in a paralysis of which side of the lower face?
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Contralateral Side
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What causes the upper face to not manifest paresis with a corticobulbar tract lesion?
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The bilateral innervation of the upper face
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What tract is heavily involved in the control of the mouth, tongue, and TMJ movements?
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Corticobulbar tract
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What type of lesion would lead to a contralateral paralysis of the tongue?
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Corticobulbar lesion
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What type of lesion would be associated with the Babinski Sign?
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Corticospinal Tract Lesion
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Broca's Aphasia would be associated with which type of lesion?
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Corticobulbar tract lesion
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What is the sensory-motor integrator?
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Cerebellum
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What does the facial nerve cross around after leaving the motor nucleus in the lower pons?
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Abducens nucleus - CN VI
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What function do the spinocerebellars and cuneocerebellars serve in the cerebellum?
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Receives proprioceptive information about the position of the body/limbs
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What function does the vestibulocerebellars serve?
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Provide vestibular information concerning posture and head movements
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What function does the corticopontine-pontocerebellar system provide?
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Signals of Ongoing movements initiated in the motor cortex
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What lobe of the cerebellum primarily receives vestibular input?
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Flocculonodular Lobe
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What lobe of the cerebellum primarily receives proprioceptive input?
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Anterior lobe
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What lobe of the cerebellum primarily receives its input through the cortico-ponto-cerebellar system?
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Posterior lobe
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What is the only source of climbing fibers (olivocerebellars) that projects to all lobes of the cerebellum?
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Inferior olivary nucleus
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Which cerebellar peduncles carry primarily afferent fibers?
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Inferior and Middle Cerebellar Peduncles
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Which cerebellar peduncles carry primarily efferent fibers?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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Cerebellar deficits are typically expressed on which side of the lesion?
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Ipsilateral to the lesion
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Intentional tremor, Dysmetria, and Ataxia are characteristic of which type of lesion?
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Cerebellar lesions
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Where can the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra be found?
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Basal Ganglia
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What aspect of the motor system appears to participate in the remembered aspects of motor activities?
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Basal Ganglia
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What type of lesion could cause dyskinesias, either hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?
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Lesions within the nuclei of the basal ganglia
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What two nuclei can be found in the striatum?
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Caudate Nucleus and Putamen
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What are the two principal types of neurons found in the striatum?
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Spiny and Aspiny neurons
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What type of neuron is GABA-ergic in the striatum?
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Spiny neurons
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What type of neuron is cholinergic found in the striatum?
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aspiny neurons
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What part of the striatum receives differential input from the cerebral cortex and has differential projections to the substantia nigra?
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Striosomes and Matrix
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What is the principal outflow from the basal ganglia?
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From Globus Pallidus to the Motor Thalamus
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What cortex is concerned with the programming and planning of movements?
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Ipsilateral Supplemental Motor Cortex
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The basal ganglia dysfunction affects the ipsilateral motor cortex which expresses deficits on which side of the body?
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Contralateral side
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What disease is related to the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson Disease
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What is the common mode for signaling in the nervous system?
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Receptors transducing electrical energy
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What neurons transmit electrical signals from receptor to CNS?
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Relay neurons
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What system processes the signal of an event and initiates a response in the form of perception, behavior, or memory?
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Central Nervous System
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What type of receptors transduce force, heat, cold or damage into electrical impulses?
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Somatosensory receptors
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What neurons transmit sensory information from receptor to CNS?
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Neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglion (First Order Neurons)
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What order neurons cross the midline before synapsing in the Thalamus in the somatosensory pathway?
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2nd Order Neurons
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What do third order thalamic neurons relay information to in somatosensory?
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Primary somatosensory cortex on the same side
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Where are the hair cells with stereocilia from the Organ of Corti embedded?
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In the Tectorial Membrane
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Where are low pitch sounds recognized in the Organ of Corti?
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Helicotrema - Apex
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Where are high pitched sounds recognized in the Organ of Corti?
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Near the Oval Window (base)
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Where are the first order cell bodies in the auditory pathway?
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In the spiral ganglion
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Where do the first order cell bodies of the auditory pathway terminate?
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The cochlear nucleus of the brain stem
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In what direction do the second order neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus travel?
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Bilaterally to nuclei in the higher brainstem,
Bilaterally to the auditory thalamic nucleus (Medial Geniculate Nucleus), Ipsilaterally to the Primary Auditory Cortex |
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Where is the primary auditory cortex located in humans?
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On the Superior Transverse Temporal Gyri of Heschl
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What is the result of central lesions in the auditory pathway?
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Hypoacusis (Not complete deafness)
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What do lesions of the Cochlea or auditory nerve produce?
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Ipsilateral deafness
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What is the receptor surface of the ampullae of the semicircular canals?
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Crista Ampullaris
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What does the flow of endolymph in the ampullae signal?
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Angular Movement
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What are the calcium carbonate granules in the maculae of the saccule and utricle called?
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Otoconia
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What does the flow of endolymph in the maculae of the saccule and utricle and the displacement of otoconia signal?
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Changes in linear movement
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Where are second order neurons located in the vestibular pathway?
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Vestibular complex of the brainstem
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What process facilitates the maintenance of visual fixation during head movement?
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Vestibuloocular reflex
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Where do the second order neurons of the vestibular pathway terminate? (Ascension Pathway)
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Extraocular Motor Nuclei (Abducens, Trochlear, Oculomotor nuclei)
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Where do the second order neurons of the vestibular pathway terminate? (Descending Pathway)
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Ventral Horn of Cervical Spinal cord
Ventral Horn at the end of the vestibulospinal tract |
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What tract in the vestibular pathway affects posture?
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Vestibulospinal tract
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What is the turning movement of the head in response to vestibular stimulation called?
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Vestibulocollic reflex
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What visual receptors mediate color vision and predominate in the central portion of the retina?
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Cones
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What is the central portion of the retina called?
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Fovea centralis
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What visual receptors mediate light/dark contrast vision?
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Rods
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What receptors are especially important for nocturnal vision?
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Rods
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What type of neurons are the receptors of the retina?
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Bipolar
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Where do the axons of the retina ganglion cells terminate?
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In the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
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Where do the axons of ganglion cells in the temporal hemiretina terminate?
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In the Ipsilateral LGN
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Where do the axons of ganglion cells in the nasal hemiretina terminate?
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Contralateral LGN
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What does the LGN project to the primary visual cortex?
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Optic Radiations
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What brainstem structure does the retina project directly to?
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Superior Colliculus
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What structure facilitates reflexive eye movements for visual orientation?
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Superior Colliculus
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What structure is involved in pupillary reflexes?
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Pretectum
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What structure projects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor complex?
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Pretectum
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What two eye muscles are influenced by the direct visual input from the pretectum?
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Ciliary Muscle
Constrictor Pupillae Muscle |
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What visual lesion will cause blindness?
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Optic nerve lesion
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What lesion will lead to bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia?
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Optic Chiasm Lesion
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What type of lesion involves decussating fibers from nasal hemiretinae, leading into the temporal visual hemifields bilaterally?
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Optic Chiasm Lesion
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What lesion often occurs with a pituitary tumor (adenoma) ?
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Optic Chiasm Lesion
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What lesion results in a loss of direct and consensual light reflex, but pupil constricts with accommodation?
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Pretectal Lesion
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What are the two principal cell types of the cortex?
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Granule Cells
Pyramidal Cells |
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What type of cortex cells are primarily receptive in function and predominate in sensory areas?
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Granule or Stellate cells
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What type of cortex cells are primarily effector in function and predominate in motor areas?
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Pyramidal cells
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What layer of the neocortex receives the major input from the thalamus?
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Layer IV
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What layer of the neocortex is the thickest in the sensory cortex?
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Layer IV
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What layer of the neocortex is the thickest in motor cortex?
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Layer V
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In what cortex division lies the primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, and primary auditory cortex?
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Sensory Cortex
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In what cortex division lies the postcentral gyrus, cuneus, superior transverse temporal gyri, lingual gyri, and caudal paracentral lobule?
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Sensory Cortex
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In what cortex division can the primary motor cortex, and premotor cortex be found?
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Motor Cortex
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In what cortex division can the precentral gyrus, and rostral paracentral lobule be found?
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Motor Cortex
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In what cortex division can the broad areas of the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex), parietal, occipital, and temporal cortex between specific sensory and motor areas found?
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Associational Cortex
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Where is the primary source of afferent input to the cerebral cortex?
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In the thalamus
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Where do the corticopetal projections terminate primarily?
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In layer IV
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Where do the extrathalamic corticopetal projections terminate?
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All thoughout the cortex
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Where do cholinergic projections of the extrathalamic corticopetal projections originate from?
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Nucleus basalis of Meynert
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Where do noradrenergic projections of extrathalamic corticopetal projections originate from?
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Locus Ceruleus
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Where do the serotonergic projections of the extrathalamic corticopetal projections originate from?
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Midbrain Raphe
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Where do the dopaminergic projections of the extrathalamic corticopetal projections originate from?
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Ventral Tegmental Area
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Which neurotransmitter-specific projection does not project to all cerebral lobes?
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Dopaminergic Projection
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Which type of afferents affect the background activity of the cortex?
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Extrathalamic Afferents
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Which type of afferents convey specific information to the cortex?
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Thalamic afferents
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Where do associational fibers originate from?
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Pyramidal cells in layer III
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Where do commissural fibers originate from?
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Layer III
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What is the largest cerebral commissure?
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Corpus Callosum
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What commissure interconnects the lower and inferior portions of the temporal lobe?
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Anterior Commissure
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Where do the cortical efferents (Corticofugal projections) originate from?
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Pyramidal neurons in Layer V
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What do corticothalamics originate from?
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Layer VI
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What portion of the motor-related areas is concerned with the execution or initiation of movements on the opposite side of the body?
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Precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex
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What portion of the motor-related area is concerned with the planning and programming of movements?
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Premotor Cortex, Supplementary Motor Cortex
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What cortex is involved in the orchestration of complex behavorial responses?
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Which language related area is usually in the left hemisphere and involved in speech production?
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Brocas Area
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Which language related area is found in the supramarginal and angular gyri of the inferior parietal lobe and caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus?
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Wernickes Area
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Which language related area is involved in language comprehension?
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Wernickes Area
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In which type of cortex does perception take place?
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Associational Cortex
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In which association cortex does auditory perception take place?
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Temporal Association
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In which association cortex does visual perception take place?
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Parieto-Occipital Association Cortex
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In which association cortex does Somatosensory perception take place?
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In Parietal Association cortex
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Where does visual attention take place in the brain?
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Posterior Parietal Cortex
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What would most likely result from a lesion in the posterior parietal cortex?
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Hemiinattention Syndrome (unilateral neglect, affects contralaterally to the lesion)
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Expressive Aphasia would be indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Broca's Area
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Receptive Aphasia would be indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Wernicke's Area
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Visual Agnosia would be indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Angular Gyrus
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Auditory Agnosia would be indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Caudal part of Superior Temporal Gyrus (Wernicke's Area)
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Tactile Agnosia would be indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Supramarginal Gyrus
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Apraxia or the inability to execute movement in the absence of paralysis is indicative of a lesion in which area?
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Superior parietal lobe
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Where are the cell bodies of first order taste neurons located?
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Geniculate Ganglion (VII), inferior ganglia of IX and X
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Where do the second order taste neurons travel to?
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Ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus or hypothalamus
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Where do the third order taste neurons project to?
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Insular cortex and adjacent frontal operculum
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What neurons can affect appetite and other visceromotor functions?
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2nd order taste neurons, other visceral afferent-related acons that terminate in the hypothalamus
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